Which roads lead to access? A global landscape of six COVID-19 vaccine innovation models

Alonso Ruiz, Adrián; Bezruki, Anna; Shinabargar, Erika; Large, Kaitlin; Vieira, Marcela; Slovenski, Iulia; Liu, Yiqi; Agarwal, Surabhi; Becker, Anna; Moon, Suerie

doi:10.1186/s12992-024-01017-z

Globalization and Health

Table 2 Characteristics of vaccine developers and vaccines analyzed

From: Which roads lead to access? A global landscape of six COVID-19 vaccine innovation models

Developer	Vaccine	Organizational form	WHO EUL^a [80] date and NRA^b of record	Vaccine platform	Doses^c	Vaccine performance^d	Storage requirements	Shelf life (at 2–8ºC)
Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp	MVC-COV1901	Publicly listed company	EOI submitted	Recombinant spike protein vaccine [81]	2 [82]	NA^e	2–8 °C [82]	12 months [82, 83]
Pfizer/BioNTech	Comirnaty	Publicly listed company	31 December 2020 (EMA)	Mrna - LNPs [84]	2 [84]	91% [84]	-25 - -15°[79]	1 month [84]
Finlay Institute	Soberana 2	Public research center	No	Recombinant RBD vaccine [85]	2 [85]	69.7% [85]	2–8 °C [85]	4 months [86]
Oxford/AstraZeneca	Vaxzervria/Covishield	Academic/Publicly listed company	Vaxzevria: 15/04/2021 (EMA) Covishield: 15/022021 (CDSCO)	Chimpanzee adenoviral vector (ChadOx1) [87]	2 [88]	74% [88]	2–8 °C [88]	6 months [79]
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology	Abdala	Public research center	Dossier accepted for review	Recombinant RBD vaccine [89, 90]	3 [89, 90]	92.3% [89, 90]	2–8 °C [89, 90]	6 months [89, 90]
CanSino Biologics	CONVIDECIA	Publicly listed company	19/05/2022 (NMPA)	Adenoviral vector-based vaccine (Ad5) [91]	1 [91]	58% [91]	2–8 °C [91]	12 months [92]
Bharat Biotech International Ltd./Indian Council of Medical Research	Covaxin	Nonlisted company/ Public research center	03/11/2021 (CDSCO) – Suspension of supply	Whole virion inactivated vaccine [93]	2 [94]	78%^f [94]	2–8 °C [94]	9 months [93]
Novavax, Inc./Serum Institute of India	Nuvaxovid and Covovax	Publicly listed company/Nonlisted company	Covovax: 17/12/2021 (CDSCO) Nuvaxovid: 20/12/2021 (EMA)	Protein subunit -- Nanoparticle vaccine [95]	2 [95]	90% [95]	2–8 °C [95]	6 months [95]
Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology	Sputnik Light	Public research center	No	Human Adenoviral vector-based vaccine (Ad26) [92]	1 [92]	92% [92]	-18ºC [92]	3 months at -18ºC [92]
Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology	Sputnik V	Public research center	Process restarted. Dossier accepted for review	Human Adenoviral vector-based vaccine (Ad26 and Ad5) [96]	2 [96]	92% [96]	-18ºC [96]	3 months at -18ºC [92]
Sinovac Biotech Ltd	CoronaVac	Publicly listed company	01/06/2021 (NMPA)	Whole virion inactivated vaccine [97]	2 [97]	51%, 65.3% and 83.5%^g [97]	2–8 °C [97]	24 months [92]
Moderna, Inc	Spikevax	Publicly listed company	30/04/2021 (EMA)	mRNA - LNPs [98]	2 [99]	94% [99]	-15 °C to -25ºC; [99]	30 days [99]
Janssen Pharmaceuticals	Janssen - Ad26.COV 2.S	Publicly listed company	12/03/2021 (EMA)	Human Adenoviral vector-based vaccine (Ad26) [100]	2	One dose^h: 67% Two doses: 75% [100]	-20ºC [100]	11 months [100]
Sinopharm – Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Limited	BBIBP-CorV	State-owned company	7/05/2021 (NMPA)	Whole virion inactivated vaccine [101]	2 [101]	79% [101]	2–8 °C [101]	24 months [101]

^aEmergency Use Listing
^bNational Regulatory Agency
^cExcluding booster doses
^dData retrieved, vaccine efficacy against symptomatic (mild, moderate or severe) COVID-19 (Alpha variant), from Phase 3 clinical trials
^eData available relates to non-inferiority against Oxford/AstraZeneca. These were not included in the present table
^fWith Delta variant predominant
^gFrom clinical trials in Brazil, Indonesia and Turkey
^hIn moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 for both one dose and two dose

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ISSN: 1744-8603

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