Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence

Clifford Astbury, Chloe; Lee, Kirsten M.; Mcleod, Ryan; Aguiar, Raphael; Atique, Asma; Balolong, Marilen; Clarke, Janielle; Demeshko, Anastassia; Labonté, Ronald; Ruckert, Arne; Sibal, Priyanka; Togño, Kathleen Chelsea; Viens, A. M.; Wiktorowicz, Mary; Yambayamba, Marc K.; Yau, Amy; Penney, Tarra L.

doi:10.1186/s12992-023-00986-x

Globalization and Health

Table 1 Characteristics of evaluated policies (n) across the spillover pathway¹

From: Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence

Characteristics	Total (n (%))
Characteristics	Total (n (%))	Wildlife distribution and density	Pathogen prevalence	Pathogen survival and spread	Domesticate animal exposure	Within-domesticated animal barriers	Domesticated animal distribution and density	Pathogen prevalence	Pathogen survival and spread	Human exposure	Within-human barriers	Multiple stages
Target population		Wildlife			Domesticated animals					Humans		Multiple
Total (n (%))	111 (100)	5 (5)	7 (6)	1(1)	4 (4)	17 (15)	1 (1)	18 (16)	10 (9)	23 (21)	5 (5)	20 (18)
Policy and governance level
Local	34 (31)	1	3	0	2	4	1	0	4	15	0	4
National	54 (49)	2	3	1	4	8	0	14	3	5	5	11
Regional (e.g., European region)	9 (8)	0	0	0	0	2	0	3	1	1	0	2
Global	6 (7)	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	3
Policy and governance sector
Animal health	18 (16)	0	0	0	3	3	0	6	1	1	0	4
Environment	5 (5)	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0
Human health	17 (15)	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	9	4	1
Multi-sectoral	26 (23)	2	2	0	0	3	0	4	2	6	1	6
Other or not stated	45 (41)	2	4	0	1	9	1	7	5	7	0	9
Implementing sector
Retail	19 (17)	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	5	13	0	0
Trade	7 (6)	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	1	3	0	0
Farming	47 (42)	2	0	1	4	13	0	10	4	3	0	10
Human health	8 (7)	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	5	2
Animal health	8 (7)	0	0	0	0	3	0	2	0	1	0	2
Conservation	9 (8)	3	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other or multiple	13 (12)	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0	3	0	6
Country income
High	52 (47)	2	7	0	3	5	0	11	5	7	3	9
Upper middle	31 (28)	2	0	1	1	4	1	3	4	14	0	1
Lower middle	23 (21)	1	0	0	0	7	0	4	1	1	2	7
Low	2 (2)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
Region
East Asia and Pacific	46 (41)	1	1	0	2	4	1	8	7	18	2	2
Europe and Central Asia	21 (19)	1	1	0	2	4	0	4	2	2	1	4
Latin America & the Caribbean	4 (4)	1	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0
Middle East and North Africa	4 (4)	0	0	0	0	2	0	1	0	0	0	1
North America	17 (15)	1	5	0	0	1	0	1	1	2	2	4
South Asia	2 (2)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Sub-Saharan Africa	14 (13)	0	0	1	0	2	0	4	0	1	0	6
Global	1 (1)	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Disease
Avian influenza	55 (50)	1	0	0	2	5	1	6	9	18	12	12
Brucellosis	12 (11)	1	0	0	0	3	0	4	0	3	1	1
Hendra virus	4 (4)	0	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	1	0	0
Rabies	21 (19)	2	6	0	0	6	0	2	0	0	2	2
Other	19 (17)	1	1	1	0	2	0	6	1	1	5	5
Evaluation type
Formative	18 (16)	1	3	0	0	3	0	6	0	0	0	5
Process	42 (38)	0	0	0	4	4	0	9	4	9	3	9
Outcome	35 (32)	2	2	1	0	5	1	3	6	14	0	1
Economic	13 (12)	1	2	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	2	5
Impact	3 (3)	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Policy instrument
Communication/marketing	6 (5)	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	4	0	0
Regulation	4 (4)	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	2	0	0
Legislation	65 (59)	3	1	0	2	14	1	16	8	16	0	0
Service provision	16 (14)	2	6	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	5	1
Multiple instruments	20 (18)	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	15

¹Infection intensity and pathogen release in both wildlife and domesticated animals are excluded from the table as no relevant studies were identified; policy numbers do not add up to 111 for all characteristics (country income, region and governance level), reflecting modelling studies where this contextual information was not provided as framing for the study

Back to article page

ISSN: 1744-8603

Contact us

Submission enquiries: carissa.rustia@springernature.com
General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com