Association of globalization with the burden of opioid use disorders 2019. A country-level analysis using targeted maximum likelihood estimation

Table 3 Description of the covariates

Variables Mean (SD)	Globalization level				P value^f
Variables Mean (SD)	Low	Mid-Low	Mid-High	High	P value^f
Socio-Demographic Index^a	0.65 (0.077)	0.70 (0.072)	0.80 (0.048)	0.85 (0.048)	< 0.001
Unemployment rate^b	6.5 (3.1)	7.7 (6.8)	5.9 (2.5)	6.5 (4.0)	0.62
Income Inequality^c	0.46 (0.051)	0.44 (0.098)	0.39 (0.075)	0.34 (0.037)	< 0.001
Urbanization Index	0.36 (0.11)	0.39 (0.15)	0.43 (0.20)	0.44 (0.17)	0.31
Children Sexual Abuse^d	4.3 (2.0)	6.1 (2.9)	7.3 (2.2)	6.6 (1.3)	< 0.001
Data quality^e	3.74 (0.69)	3.74 (0.81)	4.26 (0.73)	4.59 (0.50)	< 0.001
Healthcare Access & Quality Index	61 (8.2)	68 (11)	83 (8.1)	93 (4.0)	< 0.001

^aComposite indicator of income per capita, access to education and fertility. ^bPercentage of the labor force. ^cRatio of individuals whose income belongs to the top 10% of the population, divided by the entire population. ^dAge-standardized summary of exposure value (SEV, %). ^eUsing the 5 stars quality rating system from the GBD database. ^fOne-way between-group ANOVA

ISSN: 1744-8603