Table 2 Framework of NGO strategies in the CDOH

Inside strategies

• Forming partnerships and multistakeholder initiatives

• Holding private meetings and roundtables

• Engaging with company AGMs and shareholders

• Collaborating other than a partnership; including via the participation in the development of industry standards, reports, CSR initiatives

• Pursuing litigation directly against industry

• Lobbying; including via formal consultation processes (e.g. submissions), serving on committees and in delegations, and informal interactions with policymakers

• Drafting legislation, policies and standards; including co-producing reports

• Providing technical support and training; including funding government activities and taking on implementation roles

• Pursuing litigation against government

Outside strategies

• Monitoring and reporting on commercial practises; including developing ‘counter accounts’ to debunk industry claims, calling out industry funded groups, ‘naming and shaming’ in mainstream media and social media campaigns

• Protests at industry sites

• Boycotts

• Directly engaging with the public in campaigns, including mass letterboxing and coordinating mass petitions

• Creative use of alternative spaces; including via public documentaries of corporate activities

• Protests and public campaigning calling for regulation; including via mainstream media and social media

• Monitoring and reporting, including monitoring government compliance with international treaties and generating evidence for monitoring

• Forum shifting debate from one policy forum to another – vertically within government and horizontally to the global level

• Proposing and initiating alternative sources of economic development