Table 4 Facilitators and barriers to vaccination uptake

Extrinsic barriers to vaccination

 Privacy concerns over COVID-19 vaccine certificates

2 (12.5%)

[25, 33]

 Ethical concerns over COVID-19 vaccine certificates

2 (12.5%)

[25, 33]

 Technological concerns over COVID-19 vaccine certificates

1 (6.3%)

[25]

 Lack of COVID-19-related information (or misinformation and conspiracy theories)

7 (43.8%)

[24,25,26, 31,32,33,34]

 Lack of convenience/accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination

6 (37.5%)

[22,23,24, 26, 32, 33]

Intrinsic barriers to vaccination

 Distrust/lack of confidence in government leaders/policies

5 (31.3%)

[23,24,25, 31, 33]

 Distrust/lack of confidence in public health and pharmaceutical leaders

2 (12.5%)

[23, 24]

 Distrust/lack of confidence in the quality/safety of COVID-19 vaccines

8 (50%)

[23,24,25,26, 31,32,33, 39]

 Distrust/lack of confidence in the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines

5 (31.3%)

[23, 24, 26, 32, 33]

 Complacency: perception that COVID-19 poses no serious health risks

3 (18.8%)

[23, 31, 39]

 Complacency: perception that COVID-19 vaccines are unnecessary/not important

5 (31.3%)

[23, 26, 31, 33, 39]

Extrinsic facilitators to vaccination

 Travel requirements

4 (25%)

[23, 24, 33, 39]

 Employer requirements

4 (25%)

[23, 24, 26, 29]

 Influence from government

3 (18.8%)

[22,23,24]

 Influence from family or friends

3 (18.8%)

[23, 24, 26]

 Influence from monetary incentives

2 (12.5%)

[34, 35]

 Influence from doctors

1 (6.3%)

[24]

 Influence from media

0 (0.0%)

N/A

 Influence from other sources

2 (12.5%)

[24, 35]

 To help reopen the economy and society

4 (25%)

[24, 29, 33, 39]

Intrinsic facilitators to vaccination

 Trust/confidence in the quality/safety of COVID-19 vaccines

2 (12.5%)

[23, 25]

 Trust/confidence in the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines

2 (12.5%)

[23, 24]

 Trust/confidence in the science behind COVID-19 vaccines

1 (6.3%)

[33]

 Desire to protect themselves

2 (12.5%)

[26, 35]

 Desire to protect family and friends

1 (6.3%)

[26]

 Desire to protect society

2 (12.5%)

[24, 26]

 Perceived moral responsibility

0 (0.0%)

N/A

 Convenient/accessible vaccine clinics

2 (12.5%)

[22, 26]