Table 3 General characteristics of included studies
Publication | Country | Study Design | Data Collection Period | Data Collection Method | Theoretical Framework |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Determinants and variations of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and responses among minority ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands [22] | Netherlands | Observational | Jan 30, 2021 – April 30, 2021 | Data about personal characteristics and COVID-19 vaccine intentions collected via an online survey (Google Forms) or paper questionnaire; virtual follow-up interviews were conducted on a subset | 3 C’s Model of Vaccine Hesitancy |
Public policy measures to increase anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate in Russia [23] | Russia | Observational | Sept 1, 2021 – Jan 25, 2021 | Data about attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination and QR code-based vaccine certificates collected via VKontakte social network and Silverlight applet | Unspecified |
Persistence of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance of the EU Covid certificate among French students [24] | France | Observational | Sept 13, 2021 – Sept 24, 2021 | Data about personal characteristics and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines and the EU COVID Certificate collected via in-person surveys and for a subset, interviews at a mobile vaccine clinic | Health Belief Model |
The role of incentives in deciding to receive the available COVID-19 vaccine in Israel [25] | Israel | Observational | Dec 22, 2021 – Jan 10, 2021 | Data about personal characteristics and attitudes towards incentives to obtaining COVID-19 vaccination collected via an online survey (Google Forms) | Health Belief Model |
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a city with free choice and sufficient doses [26] | China | Observational | Apr 23, 2021 – May 8, 2021 | Data about personal characteristics, COVID-19 vaccine intentions, and pandemic attitudes collected via telephone interview system (TIS) | Unspecified |
The potential impact of vaccine passports on inclination to accept COVID-19 vaccinations in the United Kingdom: Evidence from a large cross-sectional survey and modeling study [27]. | United Kingdom | Modeling | Apr 9, 2021 – Apr 27, 2021 | Data about COVID-19 vaccination intentions and incentives, and vaccine certificates, were collected via a national survey | Unspecified |
COVID-19 vaccination mandates and vaccine uptake [28] | Canada, France, Germany, Italy | Modeling | June 15, 2021 – Oct 31, 2021 | Data about COVID-19 cases, deaths, and vaccination rates, collected from official provincial dashboards (Canada) and Our World in Data site | Unspecified |
The effect of COVID certificates on vaccine uptake, health outcomes, and the economy [29] | France, Germany, Italy | Modeling | Jan 2022 | Data about hospital admissions, COVID-19 vaccine uptake, and health economics trends were collected from Our World in Data site, ECDC, INED, OECD Weekly Tracker, and publicly available surveys | Innovation Diffusion Theory |
The effect of mandatory COVID-19 certificates on vaccine uptake: synthetic-control modelling of six countries [30] | Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Switzerland | Modeling | Apr 21, 2021 – Nov 8, 2021 | Data about hospital admissions, COVID-19 vaccine uptake, and government interventions were collected from Our World in Data site, Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, and ECDC | Unspecified |
United States COVID-19 vaccination preferences (CVP): 2020 hindsight [31] | United States | Experimental | Nov 9, 2020 – Nov 11, 2020 | Participant choices in this discrete choice experiment were collected via surveys | Health Preference Research |
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in eight European countries: prevalence, determinants, and heterogeneity [39] | Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom | Experimental | Apr 2021 (Germany) Jun 2021 (all other countries) | Participant choices in this randomized controlled experiment collected via an online survey (Respondi) | Unspecified |
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccine passports: a cross-sectional conjoint experiment in Japan [32] | Japan | Experimental | Jul 2021 – Nov 2021 | Participant choices in this conjoint experiment collected via an online and follow-up survey | Health Belief Model |
Public attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study [33] | United Kingdom | Qualitative | Mar 15, 2021 – Apr 22, 2021 | Focus groups were conducted on a virtual conferencing platform (Zoom) | Continuum of Vaccine Hesitancy Model |
Exploring the impact of Quebec's vaccine lottery and vaccine passports on Covid-19 vaccination intention: Findings from repeated cross-sectional surveys [34] | Canada | Observational | July 9, 2021—September 1 2021 | Invitation to fill out questionnaire was sent via email | 5 C’s Model of Vaccine Hesitancy |
More Time, Carrot-and-Stick, or Piling Coffins? Estimating the Role of Factors Overcoming COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Poland and Lithuania in the Years 2021–2022 [35] | Poland and Lithuania | Observational | May 31, 2021—May 29, 2022 | Data was collected via the ECDC website | Unspecified |
The effect of vaccine mandate announcements on vaccine uptake in Canada: An interrupted time series analysis [36] | Canada | Observational | July—November 2021 | Data were drawn from the Canadian COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Surveillance System (CCVCSS), and sourced from provincial/territorial immunization registries. COVID-19 weekly case, hospitalization and mortality data were obtained from the National COVID-19 Case dataset | Unspecified |