Table 2 Quality of Studies
References | Was a clear research question posed? | Was the target population defined, and was the sample representative of the population? | Was a systematic approach used to develop the questionnaire? | Was the questionnaire tested? | Were questionnaires administered in a manner that limited both response and nonresponse bias? | Was the response rate reported, and were strategies used to optimize the response rate? | Were the results clearly and transparently reported? | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Determinants and variations of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and responses among minority ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands [22] | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Did not state if survey was tested or specify testing/development process of questionnaire used |
Public policy measures to increase anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate in Russia [23] | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Did not state if survey was tested or specify testing/development process of questionnaire used |
Persistence of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance of the EU Covid certificate among French students [24] | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Target population was defined, but representativeness of the sample was described in the paper as a limitation (i.e. surveyed students who were hesitant about vaccines against Covid-19 until very recently and who made their decision to be vaccinated later than their peers) Did not mention if survey was tested |
The role of incentives in deciding to receive the available COVID-19 vaccine in Israel [25] | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Target population was defined, but representativeness of the sample was described in the paper as a limitation (i.e. due to use of online recruitment methods, may not be representative of entire Israeli population/inclusive of minorities). Questionnaire was partly based on a previous questionnaire that was pilot-tested within the general public in June 2020 |
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a city with free choice and sufficient doses [26] | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | |
The potential impact of vaccine passports on inclination to accept COVID-19 vaccinations in the United Kingdom: Evidence from a large cross-sectional survey and modeling study [27] | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Did not state if survey was tested or specify testing/development process of questionnaire used |
COVID-19 vaccination mandates and vaccine uptake [28] | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Did not explicitly state if the survey was tested |
The effect of COVID certificates on vaccine uptake, health outcomes, and the economy [29] | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | FALSE | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | “Global COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey” in partnership with Facebook—the questionnaire used to obtain survey data; the target population is unclear |
The effect of mandatory COVID-19 certificates on vaccine uptake: synthetic-control modelling of six countries [30] | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Does not explicitly state if the survey was tested |
United States COVID-19 vaccination preferences (CVP): 2020 hindsight [31] | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | Online survey (underrepresents those who are unable to use technology or are illiterate), but target population may be considered geographically and demographically representative |
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in eight European countries: prevalence, determinants, and heterogeneity [32] | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Did not explicitly state if the survey was tested |
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccine passports: a cross-sectional conjoint experiment in Japan [32] | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Did not explicitly state if the survey was tested |
Public attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative study [33] | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | People aged 50 + years were underrepresented in the final sample, participants met in online focus groups which could impact their responses. Did not explicitly state if the survey was tested |
Exploring the impact of Quebec's vaccine lottery and vaccine passports on Covid-19 vaccination intention: Findings from repeated cross sectional surveys [34] | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE | FALSE | TRUE | TRUE | TRUE | Did not state if survey was tested or specify testing/development process of questionnaire used |
Carrot-and-Stick, or Piling Coffins? Estimating the Role of Factors Overcoming COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Poland and Lithuania in the Years 2021–2022 [35] | N/A, no survey was used in this study and instead a weighted regression model was used | |||||||
The effect of vaccine mandate announcements on vaccine uptake in Canada: An interrupted time series analysis [36] | N/A, no survey was used in this study and instead a time series analysis was conducted |