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Table 3 Intervention types by country

From: Policy responses to COVID-19: lessons for the global trade and investment regime

Broad intervention category

Intervention type

USA

Germany

France

China

SA

India

Subsidies

Capital injection (e.g., bailouts)

  

2

   

Financial grant

18

 

8

  

3

Interest payment subsidy

     

1

Loan guarantee

 

4

4

   

Production subsidy

1

    

7

State aid

28

    

3

State loan

2

9

11

1

3

 

Tax or social insurance relief

1

 

1

1

 

1

Trade finance

 

2

   

2

Tariffs and quantitative restrictions

Anti-dumping duty

4

2

2

1

 

19

Anti-subsidy duty

3

  

1

 

1

Export ban

     

1

Export licensing requirement

1

4

4

1

2

4

Export quota

     

1

Export-related NTM

10

    

1

Import ban

     

4

Import licensing requirement

   

1

  

Import tariff

1

1

1

1

 

1

Import tariff quota

 

2

1

   

Investment measures

FDI: Entry and ownership rule

 

1

2

   

FDI: Treatment and operations, nes

1

     

Local sourcing

     

3

Local operations

 

2

2

   

Public procurement

Public procurement localization

1

    

4

Intellectual property protection

Compulsory licensing procedures

 

1

1

   

TOTAL

70

27

38

7

5

56

  1. Source: GTA 2021; WIPO 2021 [16]; Authors’ calculation