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Table 2 Associations between GNI per capita and prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity using piecewise regressiona

From: Spatial–temporal trends in global childhood overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2030: a weight mean center and projection analysis of 191 countries

 

Cutoff value 1

Cutoff value 2

 < Mean

 >  = Mean

 < 48,000

 >  = 48,000

β

95% CI

P

β

95% CI

P

β

95% CI

P

β

95% CI

P

Boys

GNI per capita

9.090

(5.220,12.954)

 < 0.001

-0.765

(-1.746,0.216)

0.127

3.820

(2.232,5.404)

 < 0.001

0.610

(-0.129,1.350)

0.106

Higher education enrollment

0.062

(-0.151,0.275)

0.569

-0.050

(-0.196,0.095)

0.500

0.056

(-0.122,0.233)

0.538

-0.453

(-0.584,-0.321)

 < 0.001

CO2 Emissions

-0.205

(-0.433,0.022)

0.077

0.036

(-0.026,0.098)

0.257

-0.038

(-0.184,0.108)

0.613

0.148

(-0.041,0.337)

0.126

Forest Area

0.003

(0.001,0.005)

0.014

-0.047

(-0.139,0.045)

0.318

0.002

(0.001,0.005)

0.035

-0.016

(-0.081,0.050)

0.635

Meat consumption

15.800

(-5.527,37.126)

0.146

-4.390

(-12.101,3.313)

0.264

-3.590

(-19.697,12.523)

0.663

12.868

(-5.066,30.801)

0.160

Vegetable and fruit consumption

1.860

(-2.328,6.053)

0.384

0.347

(-3.537,4.231)

0.861

1.500

(-1.761,4.769)

0.367

-1.920

(-24.036,-14.416)

 < 0.001

Girls

GNI per capita

5.920

(2.887,8.951)

 < 0.001

-0.123

(-1.11,0.864)

0.807

2.360

(1.008,3.715)

0.001

-0.263

(-0.984,0.458)

0.475

Higher education enrollment

-0.027

(-0.151,0.097)

0.667

-0.384

(-0.568,-0.201)

 < 0.001

-0.025

(-0.149,0.098)

0.688

-0.490

(-0.619,-0.362)

 < 0.001

CO2 Emissions

-0.059

(-0.233,0.115)

0.507

0.100

(0.022,0.178)

0.012

0.001

(-0.111,0.112)

0.997

0.150

(-0.034,0.334)

0.111

Forest Area

0.001

(0.001,0.003)

0.062

-0.143

(-0.226,-0.060)

0.001

0.001

(-0.001,0.002)

0.586

-0.083

(-0.146,-0.019)

0.011

Meat consumption

11.607

(-2.625,25.838)

0.110

-11.321

(-20.928,-1.714)

0.021

-0.986

(-13.777,11.805)

0.880

10.778

(-6.704,28.261)

0.227

Vegetable and fruit consumption

0.232

(-2.430,2.894)

0.864

0.774

(-3.961,5.508)

0.749

0.478

(-2.121,3.078)

0.718

-1.770

(-22.411,-13.033)

 < 0.001

  1. aPiecewise analysis based on the inverted U-shaped relationship between GNI per capita and obesity. 58 countries were included in the model, and the remaining countries were excluded because each variable did not contain at least two observations. Cutoff values were chosen based on the mean of GNI per capita and the vertices of the inverted U-shaped relationship between GNI per capita and the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. Higher education enrollment (%), CO2 emissions (Ten million tons) and forest area (%) data were extracted from the World Bank, and used to evaluate the cultural level and social environment of the corresponding country. Meat consumption (Ten million tons) and vegetable and fruit consumption (Ten million tons) data were extracted from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and used to evaluate food consumption in the corresponding country. GNI per capita, gross national income per capita
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Globalization and Health

ISSN: 1744-8603