Table 5 Estimation of total effect of universal health coverage index and global health security index on COVID-19 Infection rate in Africa
Variables | Path coefficient | OIM Std. Err. | z -statistics | p-value P>|z| | [95% Conf. Interval] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 case-fatality rate | |||||
 lnInfection rate | -0.370 | 0.147 | -2.52 | 0.012 | -0.66,-0.08 |
 Median age of the national population | -0.168 | 0.060 | -2.79 | 0.005 | -0.28, -0.05 |
 Percentage who currently use tobacco | 0.065 | 0.037 | 1.73 | 0.085 | -0.01,0.14 |
 Disease specific mortality of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). | -0.009 | 0.057 | -0.17 | 0.868 | -0.12,0.10 |
 Overall GHS index | 0.011 | 0.023 | 0.50 | 0.620 | -0.03,0.06 |
 Prevalence of obesity among adults expressed as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 0.149 | 0.040 | 3.70 | 0.000 | 0.07,0.23 |
 UHC for service coverage index | -0.029 | 0.026 | -1.11 | 0.268 | -0.08,0.02 |
 Ambient and household air pollution attributable death rate (per 100,000 population) | -0.0001 | 0.002 | -0.09 | 0.932 | -0.0047,0.0043 |
 Population density per square kilometer | 0.0012 | 0.0007 | 1.74 | 0.082 | -0.00015,0.00252 |
COVID-19 lnInfection rate | |||||
 Median age of the national population | 0.118 | 0.052 | 2.26 | 0.024 | 0.01,0.22 |
 Overall GHS index | -0.024 | 0.019 | -1.25 | 0.212 | -0.06,0.01 |
 Population density per square kilometer | -0.003 | 0.001 | -2.40 | 0.016 | -0.006,-0.001 |
 Prevalence of obesity among adults expressed as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | -0.057 | 0.040 | -1.41 | 0.158 | -0.14,0.02 |
 Air pollution attributable death rate (per 100,000 population) | 0.0005 | 0.006 | 0.09 | 0.932 | -0.01,0.01 |
 UHC for service coverage index | 0.089 | 0.026 | 3.41 | 0.001 | 0.04,0.14 |