Table 4 Estimation of indirect effect of universal health coverage index and global health security index on COVID-19 Infection rate in Africa
Variables | Path coefficient | OIM Std. Err. | z -statistics | p-value P>|z| | [95% Conf. Interval] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 case-fatality rate | |||||
 lnInfection rate | - | no path |  |  |  |
 Median age of the national population | -0.044 | 0.026 | -1.68 | 0.093 | -0.09,0.01 |
 Percentage who currently use tobacco | - | no path |  |  |  |
 Disease specific mortality of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). | - | no path |  |  |  |
 Overall GHS index | 0.009 | 0.008 | 1.12 | 0.264 | -0.01, 0.02 |
 Prevalence of obesity among adults expressed as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 0.021 | 0.017 | 1.23 | 0.219 | -0.01,0.05 |
 UHC for service coverage index | -0.033 | 0.016 | -2.02 | 0.043 | -0.06,-0.001 |
 Ambient and household air pollution attributable death rate (per 100,000 population) | -0.002 | 0.002 | -0.09 | 0.932 | -0.005,0.004 |
 Population density per square kilometer | 0.001 | 0.0007 | 1.74 | 0.082 | -0.00015,0.0025 |
COVID-19 lnInfection rate | |||||
 Median age of the national population | - | no path |  |  |  |
 Overall GHS index | - | no path |  |  |  |
 Population density per square kilometer | - | no path |  |  |  |
 Prevalence of obesity among adults expressed as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | - | no path |  |  |  |
 Air pollution attributable death rate (per 100,000 population) | - | no path |  |  |  |
 UHC for service coverage index | - | no path |  |  |  |