Table 2 Unstandardized Path coefficient estimates of predicting COVID-19 Infection rate and case-fatality rate

COVID-19 case-fatality rate

 lnInfection rate

-0.370

0.147

-2.52

0.012

-0.66, -0.08

 Median age of the national population

-0.124

0.058

-2.16

0.031

-0.24, -0.01

 Percentage who currently use tobacco

0.065

0.037

1.73

0.085

-0.01, 0.14

 Disease specific mortality of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

-0.009

0.057

-0.17

0.868

-0.12,0.10

 Overall GHS index

0.002

0.022

0.11

0.913

-0.04, 0.05

 Prevalence of obesity among adults expressed as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2

0.128

0.037

3.49

0.000

0.06,0.20

 UHC for service coverage index

0.004

0.026

0.17

0.868

-0.05,0.06

 Constant

4.386

1.114

3.94

0.000

2.20,6.57

COVID-19 lnInfection rate

 Median age of the national population

0.118*

0.052

2.26

0.024

0.02,0.22

 Overall GHS index

-0.024

0.019

-1.25

0.212

-0.06, 0.01

 Population density per square kilometer

-0.003

0.001

-2.40

0.016

-0.0058, -0.00059

 Prevalence of obesity among adults expressed as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2

-0.057

0.040

-1.41

0.158

-0.14,0.02

 Air pollution attributable death rate (per 100,000 population)

0.0005

0.005

0.09

0.932

-0.01, 0.01

 UHC for service coverage index

0.089

0.027

3.41

0.001

0.04,0.14

 Constant

0.444

1.564

0.28

0.776

-2.62, 3.51

 Universal Health Coverage Index → Global Health Security Index

0.441*

0.208

2.11

0.034

0.03,0.85

 Constant

34.389

6.674

5.15

0.000

21.30,47.46

 var(e.observedcasefatalityra ~ r)

1.404

0.270

0.96,2.05

 var(e.infectionrateper100000)

1.115

0.214

0.76,1.63

 var(e.UHC_s ~ e

139.65

26.88

95.77,203.64

Goodness of fit

 Likelihood ratio(x2)(df)

2.839(0.585)

 SRMR

0.020

 CD(R²)

0.684

 RMSEA

0.000

 pclose

0.646

 CFI

1.000

 TLI

1.097