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Table 3 Association between the risk of Metabolic Syndrome and CO2 emissions

From: Metabolic syndrome criteria and severity and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in an adult population

  

Q1 §

n = 1661

Q2 §

n = 1662

Q3 §

n = 1663

Q4 §

n = 1660

p-value

  

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

 

MetS Criteria

 TG ≥ 150 mg/dL

Crude OR

1.000 (Ref.)

0.89 (0.78–1.02)

1.00 (0.87–1.15)

0.97 (0.85–1.12)

0.277

OR adjusted 1

1.000 (Ref.)

0.88 (0.88–1.01)

0.98 (0.85–1.12)

0.94 (0.82–1.08)

0.300

OR adjusted 2

1.000 (Ref.)

0.88 (0.76–1.01)

0.96 (0.83–1.10)

0.91 (0.79–1.04)

0.240

 Glucose < 100 mg/dL

Crude OR

1.000 (Ref.)

1.16 (0.99–1.36)

1.20 (1.03–1.41)

1.23 (1.05–1.44)

0.039

OR adjusted 1

1.000 (Ref.)

1.16 (0.99–1.36)

1.20 (1.03–1.40)

1.22 (1.05–1.44)

0.045

OR adjusted 2

1.000 (Ref.)

1.17 (1.00-1.37)

1.23 (1.05–1.44)

1.29 (1.10–1.52)

0.009

 Hypertension ≥ 130/85mmHg

Crude OR

1.000 (Ref.)

1.15 (0.89–1.47)

1.15 (0.90–1.47)

1.07 (0.84–1.37)

0.655

OR adjusted 1

1.000 (Ref.)

1.15 (0.90–1.48)

1.16 (0.91–1.50)

1.09 (0.85–1.40)

0.609

OR adjusted 2

1.000 (Ref.)

1.15 (0.90–1.47)

1.16 (0.90–1.48)

1.07 (0.84–1.38)

0.635

HDL cholesterol

Crude OR

1.000 (Ref.)

0.96 (0.83–1.10)

1.07 (0.94–1.23)

1.00 (0.88–1.15)

0.419

 < 40 mg/dL (M)

OR adjusted 1

1.000 (Ref.)

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

1.09 (0.95–1.25)

1.03 (0.90–1.18)

0.360

 < 50 mg/dL (W)

OR adjusted 2

1.000 (Ref.)

0.96 (0.83–1.10)

1.07 (0.94–1.23)

1.01 (0.87–1.16)

0.435

Waist circumference

Crude OR

1.000 (Ref.)

1.15 (0.81–1.63)

1.19 (0.84–1.69)

1.03 (0.73–1.44)

0.712

 > 102 cm (M)

OR adjusted 1

1.000 (Ref.)

1.21 (085-1.72)

1.33 (0.93–1.89)

1.21 (0.86–1.71)

0.455

 > 88 cm (W)

OR adjusted 2

1.000 (Ref.)

1.21 (0.85–1.72)

1.33 (0.93–1.90)

1.21 (0.87–1.72)

0.455

MetS Severity *

Crude OR

1.000 (Ref.)

1.15 (1.00-1.33)

1.19 (1.03–1.37)

1.23 (1.07–1.42)

0.025

OR adjusted 1

1.000 (Ref.)

1.18 (1.02–1.36)

1.25 (1.08–1.44)

1.33 (1.16–1.55)

0.001

OR adjusted 2

1.000 (Ref.)

1.18 (1.02–1.36)

1.23 (1.06–1.42)

1.30 (1.13–1.51)

0.003

  1. §Kg of CO2 per product= (Kg of the product from FFQ*Kg CO2 of the product in EU data base) / 1 kg of product. Adjustments for 1 kg of product were done later to be able to compare diets at the same level. Measurements were separated into four groups; Four groups were considered according to CO2 emissions: Q1: ≤2.01 kg CO2/day; Q2: 2.02–2.34 kg CO2/day; Q3: 2.35–2.80 kg CO2/day; Q4: >2.80 kg CO2/day
  2. Abbreviations: MetS Metabolic Syndrome, TG Triglycerides, HDL High Density lipoprotein, OR Odds Ratio, OR adjusted 1: Odds Ratio adjusted by sociodemographic characteristics (sex, education level, age). OR adjusted 2: Odds Ratio adjusted by sociodemographic characteristics (sex, education level, age) and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet
  3. *MetS Severity is calculated with a Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score (MetSSS) [39]
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Globalization and Health

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