Table 3 Outcomes of supply side schemes

Democratic Republic of Congo(20)

Maternal and child health services provided

• Did not improve full immunization among children and anti-tetanus vaccination (VAT2þ) among pregnant women

• Improved assisted delivery (42%)

• Relative increases in curative care (83%)

• Increased HIV/AIDS testing among pregnant women (147%)

• Increase in patient referrals (472%)

• Vitamin A distribution (155%)

Burkina Faso: North (Titao), Center-North (Boulsa), and Center-West (Leo)(25)

Maternal health services: number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, proportion of ANC visits during first trimester, number of complicated and uncomplicated deliveries at HF and number of postnatal consultations provided 42 days after pregnancy

• Relative increase of 9.2% for deliveries

• Relative increase of 27.7% for ANC visits

• Relative increase of 118.7% for postnatal care visits

Mozambique: Nampula (North) and Gaza (South)(34, 35)

Provision of ART for pregnant women, prevention

of mother-to child HIV transmission (PMTCT), and maternal/child health (MCH), health worker motivation

• Women completing 4 ANC visits: North 153% increase over baseline,

South 82.4% increase over baseline

• Initiation of ART for pregnant women with HIV: North 251. 6% increase over baseline, South 194.6% increase over baseline

• Internal drivers: enhanced self-efficacy driven by goal orientation, healthy competition among colleagues, and job satisfaction. External drivers included an organized work environment, enhanced access to equipment and supplies, financial incentives, teamwork, and regular consultations with verifiers

Haiti(24)

Increase of health services provided

• Incentives alone were associated with a 39% increase in health services

• Support alone was associated with a 35%increase in health services

• Support and incentives were associated with an 87% increase compared with health facilities that did not receive either

Rwanda(24)

Maternal and childcare services provided, quality of

curative, maternal and child health, and HIV/AIDS services

• No improvement in the number of children receiving full immunization schedules

• 23% increase in institutional deliveries compared to control

• 56% increase in preventive care visits by children aged 23months or younger

• 132% increase in preventative care visits by children between 24 and 59 months, compared to the control group

• No improvement in the numbers of women receiving any prenatal care, the number of women completing four or more prenatal visits

Rwanda: Cyangugu, Butare(27)

Quality increase of curative, maternal and child health, and HIV/AIDS services

• Measles immunization: 10.8% increase

• Institutional deliveries 10.9% increase

• Curative care quantity: increase of 0.33 per person per year

• Family planning acceptors: 2.8% increase

Rwanda: Kigali- Ngali, Kabgayi, and Kigali Ville(27)

• Measles immunization: 3.6% increase

• Assisted deliveries: 8.5% increase

• Curative care quantity: 9.7% increase

• Family planning acceptors: 5.1% increase

Bangladesh(27)

Tuberculosis case detection and treatment adherence rates

Case detection rates = 50%, cure rates = 89%, partially attributed to incentive scheme

Haiti(32)

Maternal and child health, reproductive health, and family planning services

• Full immunization coverage :11.3% increase

• Assisted deliveries: 2% increase

• Pregnant women receiving at least one prenatal visit: 55.5%

(31)

Immunization coverage rates and uptake of services

• Increased immunization coverage by 32%

• Increased oral re-hydration salts usage

Cambodia(31)

Utilization of healthcare services

• Increased utilization by the poor, decreasing total family health expenditure from US$18 to US$11 per capita per year

Cambodia(23)

Rate of births in health facilities

Estimated to raise the probability of births occurring in incentivised public health facilities by 7.5 percentage points