Table 1 Characteristics of the participants by level of adherence to COVID-19 containment measures

Region^a, No. (%)

 East Asia

213 (9.7)

21 (9.6)

27 (4.0)

148 (12.3)

17 (18.9)

145 (21)

 < .001

 West Asia

246 (11.2)

32 (14.6)

81 (12.0)

128 (10.6)

5 (5.6)

 North and South America

131 (6.0)

7 (3.2)

20 (3.0)

93 (7.7)

11 (12.2)

 Northern Europe

600 (27.4)

44 (20.1)

179 (26.6)

356 (29.5)

21 (23.3)

 Western Europe

322 (14.7)

47 (21.5)

135 (20.0)

123 (10.2)

17 (18.9)

 Southern Europe

433 (19.8)

36 (16.4)

131 (19.4)

253 (21.0)

13 (14.4)

 Eastern Europe

148 (6.8)

22 (10.0)

69 (10.2)

56 (4.6)

1 (1.1)

 Others

96 (4.4)

10 (4.6)

32 (4.7)

49 (4.1)

5 (5.6)

Sex, No. (%)

 Male

394 (18.0)

70 (32.0)

108 (16.0)

191 (15.8)

25 (27.8)

40.37 (3)

 < .001

 Female

1795 (82.0)

149 (68.0)

566 (84.0)

1015 (84.2)

65 (72.2)

Age in years, No. (%)

 Young adults (18–30 years)

782 (35.7)

99 (45.2)

243 (36.1)

407 (33.7)

33 (36.7)

17.02 (6)

.009

 Middle-aged (31–59 years)

1253 (57.2)

111 (50.7)

394 (58.5)

699 (58.0)

49 (54.4)

 Older adults (≥ 60 years)

154 (7.0)

9 (4.1)

37 (5.5)

100 (8.3)

8 (8.9)

Educational level, No. (%)

 Higher school or below

212 (9.7)

30 (13.7)

68 (10.1)

107 (8.9)

7 (7.8)

10.77 (9)

.29

 College or university

884 (40.4)

92 (42.0)

262 (38.9)

495 (41.9)

35 (38.9)

 Postgraduate or above

1058 (48.3)

91 (41.6)

332 (49.3)

588 (48.8)

47 (52.2)

 Others

35 (1.6)

6 (2.7)

12 (1.8)

16 (1.3)

1 (1.1)

Marital status, No. (%)

 Single

657 (30.0)

83 (37.9)

192 (28.5)

354 (29.4)

28 (31.1)

10.44 (9)

.32

 In a relationship/ engaged

556 (25.4)

57 (26.0)

169 (25.1)

307 (25.5)

23 (25.6)

 Married

821 (37.5)

67 (30.6)

259 (38.4)

463 (38.4)

32 (35.6)

 Others (divorced/widowed/separated)

155 (7.1)

12 (5.5)

54 (8.0)

82 (6.8)

7 (7.8)

Having children, No. (%)

 Yes

902 (41.2)

74 (33.8)

274 (40.7)

516 (42.8)

38 (42.2)

6.34 (3)

.10

 No

1287 (58.8)

145 (66.2)

400 (59.3)

690 (57.2)

52 (57.8)

Employment status, No. (%)

 Full-time

1235 (56.4)

127 (58.0)

374 (55.5)

683 (56.6)

51 (56.6)

16.99 (12)

.15

 Part-time

363 (16.6)

29 (13.2)

123 (18.2)

196 (16.3)

15 (16.7)

 Unemployed

442 (20.2)

50 (22.8)

133 (19.7)

237 (19.7)

22 (24.4)

 Parental leave

50 (2.3)

9 (4.1)

16 (2.4)

25 (2.1)

0 (0.0)

 Retired

99 (4.5)

4 (1.8)

28 (4.2)

65 (5.4)

2 (2.2)

Working as health care professionals^b, No. (%)

 Yes

374 (17.4)

39 (17.9)

125 (18.9)

193 (16.3)

17 (19.1)

2.25 (3)

.52

 No

1780 (82.6)

179 (82.1)

537 (81.1)

992 (83.7)

72 (80.9)

Have you been infected by COVID-19?, No. (%)

 Yes

28 (1.3)

7 (3.2)

9 (1.3)

11 (0.9)

1 (1.1)

32.29 (6)

 < .001

 I am not sure but I have symptoms

234 (10.7)

40 (18.3)

85 (12.6)

99 (8.2)

10 (11.1)

 No

1927 (88.0)

172 (78.5)

580 (86.1)

1096 (90.9)

79 (87.8)

Have your partner been infected by COVID-19?, No. (%)

9.53 (6)

.15

 Yes

24 (1.1)

4 (1.9)

6 (0.9)

13 (1.1)

1 (1.1)

 I am not sure but I have symptoms

149 (6.9)

21 (9.7)

55 (8.2)

70 (5.9)

3 (3.4)

 No

1990 (92.0)

191 (88.4)

608 (90.9)

1107 (93.0)

84 (95.5)

Has your significant others being infected by COVID-19, No. (%)

6.46 (6)

.37

 Yes

136 (6.2)

12 (5.5)

46 (6.8)

70 (5.8)

8 (8.9)

 I am not sure but I have symptoms

196 (9.0)

24 (11.0)

69 (10.2)

95 (7.9)

8 (8.9)

 No

1857 (84.8)

183 (83.6)

559 (82.9)

1041 (86.3)

74 (82.2)

Self-efficacy, mean (SD)

25.69 (3.69)

23.67 (4.89)

25.56 (3.64)

26.21 (3.26)

24.58 (4.11)

34.50 (3)

 < .001

Perceived susceptibility, mean (SD)

8.75 (3.45)

7.83 (3.57)

8.40 (3.36)

9.14 (3.43)

8.50 (3.39)

13.03 (3)

 < .001

Perceived severity, mean (SD)

12.63 (3.71)

10.98 (3.97)

12.07 (3.66)

13.21 (3.56)

13.07 (3.51)

30.97 (3)

 < .001

Prosociality, mean (SD)

22.66 (4.08)

21.87 (4.27)

22.66 (3.99)

22.87 (4.07)

22.00 (4.14)

4.63 (3)

.004

Perceived social support, mean (SD)

9.81 (2.12)

9.50 (2.19)

9.99 (2.08)

9.79 (2.11)

9.53 (2.33)

3.83 (3)

.012