Table 3 The 18-Month Efficacy of the Intensive Lifestyle Modification Program on T2D risk scores, Glycemic, Weight-related, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Outcomes: the GEM triala
|  | Intervention Group (n = 160) | Control Group (n = 160) | Generalized Estimation Equation Model |  | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Intervention Effect | Adjusted Intervention Effect | |||||
β (95%CI) | p-value | β (SE) | p-value | |||
T2D Risk Score, points |  | −0.379 (−0.753 to − 0.004) | 0.047 | − 0.411 (− 0.815 to − 0.008) | 0.046 | |
 Baseline | 24.77 (6.47) | 24.68 (7.18) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 21.99 (4.65) | 23.27 (6.30) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 22.04 (5.68) | 22.85 (6.13) |  |  |  |  |
FBG, mmol/L |  | −0.172 (− 0.240 to − 0.104) | <.001 | − 0.169 (− 0.252 to − 0.087) | <.001 | |
 Baseline | 5.23 (0.61) | 5.04 (0.58) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 4.93 (0.99) | 5.06 (0.77) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 4.86 (0.70) | 5.13 (0.89) |  |  |  |  |
OGTT-2 h, mmol/L |  | −0.090 (−0.241 to 0.061) | 0.241 | −0.101 (− 0.293 to 0.091) | 0.303 | |
 Baseline | 6.48 (1.44) | 5.96 (1.47) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 6.00 (1.60) | 6.12 (1.72) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 6.38 (1.62) | 6.07 (1.93) |  |  |  |  |
BMI, kg/m2 |  | −0.188 (−0.367 to −0.009) | 0.039 | −0.194 (− 0.373 to − 0.015) | 0.034 | |
 Baseline | 23.75 (3.44) | 23.56 (3.71) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 22.37 (3.94) | 21.83 (3.56) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 22.70 (2.92) | 22.90 (3.22) |  |  |  |  |
Waist Circumference > =80 cm, rate% | −0.179 (−0.357 to −0.002) | 0.047 | −0.182 (− 0.358 to − 0.004) | 0.045 | ||
 Baseline | 54.10% | 49.10% |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 33.60% | 35.30% |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 35.20% | 44.80% |  |  |  |  |
Total physical activity level, moderate or high, rate% week | −0.185 (−0.444 to 0.074) | 0.161 | −0.129 (− 0.485 to 0.227) | 0.477 | ||
rate% | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Baseline | 124 (77.5%) | 126 (78.8%) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 138 (86.3%) | 135 (84.3%) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 145 (90.6%) | 137 (85.6%) |  |  |  |  |
Intention to eat low glycemic index food | 2.714 (0.897 to 4.531) | 0.003 | 2.879 (0.650 to 5.107) | 0.011 | ||
 Baseline | 108.98 (20.67) | 106.78 (21.15) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 111.37 (17.60) | 107.98 (20.15) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 115.62 (17.41) | 104.5 (21.16) |  |  |  |  |
Perceived Stress |  | −0.539 (−1.143 to 0.066) | 0.081 | −0.605 (−1.355 to 0.145) | 0.114 | |
 Baseline | 25.15 (6.83) | 23.54 (7.45) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 23.91 (7.16) | 24.06 (6.53) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 23.34 (6.46) | 23.71 (7.23) |  |  |  |  |
Negative domain | −0.339 (−0.697 to 0.019) | 0.064 | −0.444 (− 0.858 to − 0.029) | 0.036 | ||
 Baseline | 12.26 (4.02) | 11.44 (4.25) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 12.01 (4.52) | 11.68 (3.64) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 11.56 (3.95) | 12.02 (3.68) |  |  |  |  |
 Positive domain |  | −0.245 (−0.685 to 0.194) | 0.274 | 0.128 (−0.689 to 0.433) | 0.654 | |
  Baseline | 12.88 (4.80) | 12.09 (4.74) |  |  |  |  |
  6-Month | 11.90 (4.79) | 12.38 (4.94) |  |  |  |  |
  18-Month | 11.78 (4.96) | 11.68 (5.14) |  |  |  |  |
Quality of life | ||||||
 Physiological domain | 0.057 (−0.128 to 0.242) | 0.548 | 0.165 (− 0.060 to 0.390) | 0.150 | ||
  Baseline | 13.01 (1.65) | 13.37 (1.71) |  |  |  |  |
  6-Month | 14.72 (1.97) | 14.73 (1.82) |  |  |  |  |
  18-Month | 14.70 (1.98) | 14.97 (1.89) |  |  |  |  |
 Psychological domain |  | 0.380 (0.177 to 0.583) | <.001 | 0.464 (0.219 to 0.709) | <.001 | |
  Baseline | 12.83 (1.81) | 13.69 (1.94) |  |  |  |  |
  6-Month | 14.24 (2.13) | 14.23 (2.03) |  |  |  |  |
  18-Month | 14.55 (2.20) | 14.28 (2.10) |  |  |  |  |
 Social relationship domain | 0.113 (−0.078 to 0.304) | 0.245 | 0.151 (−0.083 to 0.385) | 0.206 | ||
  Baseline | 14.65 (2.07) | 15.12 (1.98) |  |  |  |  |
  6-Month | 15.09 (2.46) | 15.27 (1.93) |  |  |  |  |
  18-Month | 15.14 (2.13) | 15.33 (1.71) |  |  |  |  |
 Environmental domain | 0.293 (0.110 to 0.476) | 0.002 | 0.335 (0.116 to 0.554) | 0.003 | ||
  Baseline | 12.18 (1.59) | 12.79 (1.94) |  |  |  |  |
  6-Month | 14.03 (2.11) | 13.77 (2.05) |  |  |  |  |
  18-Month | 14.43 (2.23) | 14.24 (1.93) |  |  |  |  |
Social Support |  | 0.371 (−0.121 to 0.864) | 0.139 | 0.747 (0.131 to 1.364) | 0.018 | |
 Baseline | 44.44 (5.62) | 44.97 (5.57) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 44.13 (6.41) | 44.23 (6.47) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 45.99 (6.08) | 45.29 (6.00) |  |  |  |  |
General Self-Efficacy | −0.250 (−0.793 to 0.293) | 0.367 | −0.113 (− 0.784 to 0.558) | 0.742 | ||
 Baseline | 25.69 (5.91) | 25.20 (5.83) |  |  |  |  |
 6-Month | 24.64 (5.03) | 24.89 (5.00) |  |  |  |  |
 18-Month | 25.42 (5.89) | 25.71 (5.35) |  |  |  |  |