Table 1 Synthesized effect size of associated factors for adherence to cervical cancer screening

  Married vs Not married

15

1.34 (1.23–1.46)

98.3

< 0.001

  Married vs Single

12

1.62 (1.36–1.93)

92.8

< 0.001

  Partnered vs Not partnered

9

1.41 (1.13–1.75)

78.6

< 0.001

  Currently married vs Never married

3

3.76 (2.61–5.44)

0.0

0.548

  Previously married vs Never married

3

2.63 (1.66–4.15)

0.0

0.403

  Married vs Divorced/Widowed/Separated

5

1.14 (1.02–1.28)

98.7

< 0.001

  Divorced/Widowed/Separated vs Single

5

1.51 (1.22–1.87)

91.5

< 0.001

  High school vs less than high school

53

1.31 (1.24–1.38)

93.8

< 0.001

  Higher than high school vs less than high school

47

1.44 (1.35–1.53)

95.1

< 0.001

 Associated factor 3a: Healthcare-Insurance

8

1.64 (1.43–1.88)

3.9

0.400

 Associated factor 3b: Healthcare-Healthcare coverage

4

2.07 (1.59–2.69)

83.5

< 0.001

 Associated factor 4: Employment status

20

1.05 (0.97–1.13)

95.3

< 0.001

  Obesity: BMI ≥30.0 kg/m² vs Non-obesity

9

0.78 (0.72–0.83)

0.0

0.920

  Underweight: BMI < 18.5 kg/m² vs Normal: BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²

8

0.76 (0.58–1.00)

73.9

< 0.001

  Overweight: BMI 25.0–30.0 kg/m² vs Normal: BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²

12

0.98 (0.90–1.06)

52.6

0.017

  Obesity: BMI ≥30.0 kg/m² vs Normal: BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²

12

0.85 (0.74–0.97)

84.1

< 0.001

  Smoker vs Non-smoker

14

0.87 (0.75–1.01)

84.6

< 0.001

  Current vs Former/Never

5

0.64 (0.54–0.76)

32.8

0.203

  Current vs Never

11

0.89 (0.78–1.02)

90.4

< 0.001

  Former vs Never

7

1.20 (1.07–1.34)

84.9

< 0.001

 Associated factor 7: Alcohol drinking

12

1.02 (0.86–1.21)

80.5

< 0.001

 Associated factor 8: Physical activity

11

1.19 (1.05–1.36)

88.8

< 0.001

 Associated factor 9: Parity

11

1.07 (1.01–1.12)

92.5

< 0.001

 Associated factor 10: Mental illness

3

1.07 (0.92–1.25)

90.0

< 0.001

 Associated factor 11: Chronic disease

9

1.17 (1.04–1.32)

80.2

< 0.001