Global burden of the COVID-19 associated patient-related delay in emergency healthcare: a panel of systematic review and meta-analyses

Mogharab, Vahid; Ostovar, Mahshid; Ruszkowski, Jakub; Hussain, Syed Zohaib Maroof; Shrestha, Rajeev; Yaqoob, Uzair; Aryanpoor, Poorya; Nikkhoo, Amir Mohammad; Heidari, Parasta; Jahromi, Athar Rasekh; Rayatdoost, Esmaeil; Ali, Anwar; Javdani, Farshid; Farzaneh, Roohie; Ghanaatpisheh, Aref; Habibzadeh, Seyed Reza; Foroughian, Mahdi; Ahmadi, Sayyed Reza; Akhavan, Reza; Abbasi, Bita; Shahi, Behzad; Hakemi, Arman; Bolvardi, Ehsan; Bagherian, Farhad; Motamed, Mahsa; Boroujeni, Sina Taherzadeh; Jamalnia, Sheida; Mangouri, Amir; Paydar, Maryam; Mehrasa, Neda; Shirali, Dorna; Sanmarchi, Francesco; Saeed, Ayesha; Jafari, Narges Azari; Babou, Ali; Kalani, Navid; Hatami, Naser

doi:10.1186/s12992-022-00836-2

Globalization and Health

Table 1 PICO method for study questions

From: Global burden of the COVID-19 associated patient-related delay in emergency healthcare: a panel of systematic review and meta-analyses

PICO Evidence-based study concepts						Reference
P: Population of interest	Emergencies in different ED consultations which needs a timely intervention	Neurology	Meningitis	Acute ischemic stroke	Seizures	[19]
		Cardiology	Acute MI/ Acute Coronary Ischemia	Aneurysm	Aortic Dissection	[20]
		Cardiology	Cardiac Tamponade			[20]
		Nephrology	polyangiitis and Wegener’s granulomatosis	Nephrotic syndrome		[21]
		Gastroenterology	Upper GI bleeding	Lower GI bleeding		[22]
		Endocrinology	Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)	Hypoglycemia	Acute adrenocortical insufficiency	[23]
			Phaeochromocytoma crisis	Acute Hypercalcaemia	Thyroid storm
			Myxoedema coma	Acute pituitary apoplexy	Thyroid storm
		Rheumatology	Polyarteritis nodosa	polyarteritis nodosa	Scleroderma	[21]
		Rheumatology	polyangiitis and Wegener’s granulomatosis	Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome	Scleroderma	[21]
		General surgery	Acute abdominal conditions, including:		Respiratory obstruction, foreign bodies	[24]
			Incarcerated and Strangulated Inguinal Hernias	Bleeding from esophageal varices
			Appendicitis	Pelvic infections with abscesses
			Intestinal obstruction	Perforated typhoid ulcers	Surgical infections
			Complications of peptic ulcer	Amebic liver abscess
			Gall bladder and bile duct disease
		Obstetrics & Gynecology	torsion of ovary	Ectopic Pregnancy		[25]
			pre-eclampsia and eclampsia	placenta praevia/placental abruption	Miscarriage
			premature rupture of membranes
		Urology	Acute Scrotum (torsion of testis)	Acute Urinary Retention	Severe Hematuria	[26]
		Urology	Lithiasis	Fournier Gangrene	Severe Hematuria	[26]
		Psychiatry	Suicide	Agitated and violent patients		[27]
I: Intervention	Disease specific intervention in golden time
C: Control	Pre-COVID-19 outcomes in same centers per study
O: Outcome	Prevalence of Failure / Disruption of treatment, Prevalence of disease complications due to delayed care, Onset to hospital door time, Onset to treatment time,

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ISSN: 1744-8603

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