Table 3 Differences of JEE, SPAR, UHC by independent variables (n = 96)

GDP per-capita

High income

21 (21.9)

44.02 ± 0.55

60.43***

86.54 ± 12.29

46.63***

78.43 ± 7.08

77.67***

Upper-middle income

20 (20.8%)

2.80 ± 0.64

62.94 ± 14.42

64.45 ± 7.90

Lower-middle income

32 (33.3%)

2.25 ± 0.53

47.59 ± 13.13

51.44 ± 11.43

Low-income

22 (22.9%)

2.03 ± 0.45

44.75 ± 13.40

40.05 ± 6.20

Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

0-4

23 (24.0%)

2.32 ± 0.62

3.05**

53.08 ± 18.82

1.98

49.39 ± 11.25

3.11**

4.01-8

51 (53.1%)

2.70 ± 0.84

57.67 ± 19.07

59.08 ± 15.10

8.01-12

17 (17.7%)

3.27 ± 1.20

69.98 ± 24.93

65.82 ± 19.16

12.01-16

1 (1.0%)

2.83 ± 0.00

46.00 ± 0.00

47.00 ± 0.00

16.01-20

2 (2.1%)

3.24 ± 1.46

49.17 ± 37.71

61.50 ± 31.82

Infant mortality rate (death per 1000 live births)

0-20

39 (40.6%)

3.57 ± 0.73

38.25***

77.37 ± 15.28

32.51***

73.59 ± 8.45

69.34***

20.01-40

30 (31.3%)

2.27 ± 0.47

50.00 ± 13.50

51.13 ± 9.53

40.01-60

16 (16.7%)

2.00 ± 0.34

42.14 ± 10.58

43.50 ± 4.90

60.01-80

8 (8.3%)

1.83 ± 0.29

40.43 ± 8.28

36.38 ± 7.78

80.01-100

2 (2.1%)

1.79 ± 0.60

30.84 ± 16.50

36.00 ± 4.24

Life expectancy at birth (years)

40-60

5 (5.2%)

1.87 ± 0.37

28.66***

14.79 ± 12.98

21.10***

42.00 ± 15.64

44.19***

60.01-70

44 (45.8)

2.16 ± 0.46

46.75 ± 13.28

46.05 ± 8.70

70.01-80

34 (35.4%)

3.12 ± 0.70

68.93 ± 15.37

68.12 ± 7.75

80.01-100

12 (12.5%)

3.88 ± 1.19

80.69 ± 26.93

75.92 ± 19.06

Hospital beds (per 10,000 population)

0-30

70 (72.9%)

2.49 ± 0.84

8.39***

54.65 ± 20.14

6.82***

53.30 ± 15.47

10.56***

30.01-60

19 (19.8%)

3.30 ± 0.84

69.47 ± 16.47

71.05 ± 8.58

60.01-90

2 (2.1%)

3.32 ± 0.45

82.92 ± 0.59

67.50 ± 7.78

90.01-120

0(%)

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

120.1-150

2 (2.1%)

4.53 ± 0.01

97.92 ± 0.59

84.50 ± 2.12

Medical doctors (per 10,000 population)

0-20

64 (66.7%)

2.28 ± 0.61

33.20***

49.72 ± 15.77

23.92***

49.66 ± 12.11

36.41***

20.01-40

24 (25.0%)

3.59 ± 0.77

77.81 ± 17.01

75.04 ± 8.35

40.01-60

5 (5.2%)

4.19 ± 0.33

87.33 ± 6.71

77.40 ± 6.43

60.01-80

1 (1.0%)

2.82 ± 0.00

62.50 ± 0.00

66.00 ± 0.00

Nursing and midwifery personnel (per 10,000 population)

0-50

70 (72.9%)

2.43 ± 0.74

17.90***

53.18 ± 17.88

12.67***

52.19 ± 14.08

18.72***

50.01-100

17 (17.7%)

3.31 ± 0.82

70.79 ± 19.62

70.41 ± 8.35

100.01-150

4 (4.2%)

4.47 ± 0.19

93.54 ± 7.28

85.75 ± 2.75

150.01-200

2 (2.1%)

4.36 ± 0.12

95.42 ± 0.59

83.50 ± 0.71

Population ages under 5 (% of total population)

0-5

16 (16.7%)

3.86 ± 0.70

37.94***

85.52 ± 13.85

42.49***

77.13 ± 8.03

59.27***

5.01-10

27 (28.1)

3.14 ± 0.79

69.12 ± 14.51

67.85 ± 10.61

10.01-15

33 (34.4%)

2.22 ± 0.55

44.96 ± 14.17

49.03 ± 10.97

15.01-20

19 (19.8%)

1.97 ± 0.36

45.43 ± 10.99

41.00 ± 6.44

20.01-30

0 (0%)

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

Population ages 65 and above

(% of total population)

0-7

68 (70.8%)

2.33 ± 0.70

26.54***

50.73 ± 17.37

22.24***

50.35 ± 12.79

30.15***

7.01-14

12 (12.5%)

3.25 ± 0.67

70.82 ± 11.60

72.08 ± 6.11

14.01-21

13 (13.5%)

3.91 ± 0.67

84.23 ± 12.77

77.92 ± 9.97

21.01-50

2 (2.1%)

4.40 ± 0.21

96.25 ± 2.94

80.50 ± 3.54