|
Social determinants
|
Had no or less than 4ANC visits (ARR; 95% CI)
|
Had 4ANC visits but no ID (ARR; 95% CI)
|
Had 4ANC visits and ID but no PNC visit (ARR;95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Structural
| | | |
|
Wealth status
| | | |
|
Upper (60%)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Lower (40%)
|
2.39 (1.63, 3.51) ***
|
2.82 (1.88, 4.22) ***
|
0.93 (0.59, 1.48)
|
|
Ethnicity
| | | |
|
Advantaged
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Disadvantaged
|
1.47 (0.79, 2.71)
|
1.54 (1.05, 2.26) *
|
1.28 (0.82, 1.98)
|
|
Maternal occupation
| | | |
|
Agriculture
|
0.79 (0.56, 1.11)
|
1.51 (1.04, 2.19) *
|
0.87 (0.59, 1.29)
|
|
Housewife
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Working paid
|
0.64 (0.35, 1.15)
|
1.22 (0.70, 2.13)
|
1.08 (0.62, 1.90)
|
|
Maternal education
| | | |
|
Higher
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Illiterate
|
2.65 (1.72, 4.08) ***
|
1.39 (0.93, 2.08)
|
1.21 (0.72, 2.02)
|
|
Primary
|
2.41 (1.62, 3.57) ***
|
1.92 (1.26, 2.93) **
|
1.20 (0.74, 1.93)
|
|
Intermediary
|
|
Language
| | | |
|
Nepali
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Maithili
|
1.31 (0.57, 3.00)
|
1.36 (0.6, 3.11)
|
0.71 (0.29, 1.77)
|
|
Bhojpuri
|
3.28 (1.26, 8.58) *
|
0.97 (0.35, 2.68)
|
1.06 (0.44, 2.57)
|
|
Others
|
1.52 (0.81, 2.84)
|
0.89 (0.55, 1.42)
|
0.66 (0.41, 1.05)
|
|
Province
| | | |
|
One
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Two
|
1.73 (0.93, 3.21)
|
1.34 (0.67, 2.71)
|
2.19 (0.89, 5.42)
|
|
Bagmati
|
1.31 (0.68, 2.54)
|
0.75 (0.41, 1.35)
|
1.14 (0.57, 2.27)
|
|
Gandaki
|
1.45 (0.79, 2.68)
|
0.47 (0.23, 0.94) *
|
0.95 (0.46, 1.97)
|
|
Lumbini
|
1.10 (0.61, 1.96)
|
1.09 (0.67, 1.76)
|
1.93 (0.98, 3.82)
|
|
Karnali
|
4.08 (2.30, 7.21) ***
|
1.32 (0.65, 2.68)
|
2.24 (1.07, 4.71) *
|
|
Sudurpaschim
|
0.56 (0.29, 1.07)
|
0.51 (0.25, 1.02)
|
3.57 (1.87, 6.81) ***
|
|
Residence
| | | |
|
Urban
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Rural
|
1.35 (0.95, 1.93)
|
1.91 (1.36, 2.69) ***
|
0.97 (0.64, 1.48)
|
|
Maternal age (in years)
| | | |
|
15-19
|
0.79 (0.52, 1.20)
|
0.63 (0.39, 0.99) *
|
1.24 (0.78, 1.95)
|
|
20-34
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
35 or above
|
0.55 (0.29, 1.04)
|
0.79 (0.35, 1.78)
|
1.66 (0.67, 4.11)
|
|
Birth order
| | | |
|
<4
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
≥4
|
2.15 (1.41, 3.30) ***
|
1.5 (0.98, 2.30)
|
0.52 (0.26, 1.06)
|
|
Media exposure
| | | |
|
Yes
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
1.81 (1.33, 2.46) ***
|
1.56 (1.13, 2.14) **
|
1.01 (0.69, 1.50)
|
|
Last birth (index child)
| | | |
|
Wanted
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Unwanted
|
2.11 (1.47, 3.02) ***
|
1.15 (0.76, 1.72)
|
1.10 (0.67, 1.82)
|
|
Health system
|
|
Perceived problem not having female providers
| | | |
|
No problem
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Big problem
|
1.25 (0.89, 1.76)
|
1.46 (1.05, 2.04) *
|
1.64 (1.12, 2.39) *
|
|
Awareness on health mothers’ group
| | | |
|
Yes
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
No
|
1.53 (1.13, 2.07) **
|
1.10 (0.79, 1.53)
|
1.06 (0.76, 1.46)
|
- *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05. Results obtained from the multinomial logistic regression analysis. Determinants that had p<0.2 included in the final model adjusting for covariates listed in the table. The likelihood ratio of the reduced model with the full model was [chi-square=19.47; p=0. 0.555], and our model was the best fit. HWs: health workers, HMG: health mothers’ group, HF: health facility, ID: institutional delivery, ANC: antenatal care. The reference category of outcome variable was the completion of all three MCVs. Other languages include Tharu, Magar. ARR: Adjusted risk ratio.
