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Table 5 Country-wise analyses for high psychological distress, fear of COVID-19 and coping among the study participants

From: COVID-19: Factors associated with psychological distress, fear, and coping strategies among community members across 17 countries

Characteristics

K-10 Score

Unadjusted analyses

Adjusted analyses

Low (score 10-15)

Moderate to Very High (score 16-50)

n

%

n

%

p

ORs

95% CIs

p

AORs

95% CIs

Country of residence

2634

 

5846

   

 Thailand

269

54.1

229

45.9

Ref

Ref

 Hong Kong

256

46.1

299

53.9

0.011

1.37

1.08-1.75

<0.001

1.93

1.37-2.73

 Indonesia

223

41.2

318

58.8

<0.001

1.68

1.31-2.14

0.071

1.44

0.97-2.15

 Oman

180

41.2

257

58.8

<0.001

1.68

1.30-2.17

<0.001

2.20

1.50-3.25

 Nepal

119

38.3

192

61.7

<0.001

1.90

1.42-2.52

0.253

1.28

0.84-1.95

 Malaysia

273

37.9

447

62.1

<0.001

1.92

1.53-2.42

Not included in multivariate model

 Australia

203

37.5

339

62.5

<0.001

1.96

1.53-2.51

Not included in multivariate model

 Libya

38

33.3

76

66.7

<0.001

2.35

1.53-3.60

<0.001

3.54

1.91-6.56

 Kuwait

132

31.6

285

68.4

<0.001

2.54

1.93-3.33

<0.001

3.06

2.05-4.58

 Bangladesh

284

30.1

644

69.4

<0.001

2.67

2.12-3.31

Not included in multivariate model

 Pakistan

121

28.9

297

71.1

<0.001

2.88

2.19-3.80

0.105

1.40

0.93-2.11

 Saudi Arabia

225

28

578

71.9

<0.001

3.02

2.38-3.81

<0.001

2.82

1.99-4.01

 UAE

89

21.3

328

78.6

<0.001

4.32

3.23-5.80

<0.001

3.68

2.31-5.86

 Jordan

80

14.9

458

85.1

<0.001

6.72

5.01-9.04

<0.001

6.83

4.05-11.5

 Syria

53

13

355

87.0

<0.001

7.87

5.61-11.0

<0.001

6.05

3.59-10.2

 Palestine

50

12

367

88.0

<0.001

8.62

6.11-12.2

<0.001

4.80

2.87-8.02

 Egypt

39

9.4

377

90.6

<0.001

11.4

7.81-16.5

<0.001

9.43

5.33-16.7

Characteristics

FCV-19S Score

Unadjusted analyses

Adjusted analyses

Low (score 7-21)

High (score 22-35)

n

%

n

%

p

ORs

95% CIs

p

AORs

95% CIs

Country of residence

6420

 

2066

   

 Libya

104

91.2

10

8.8

Ref

Ref

 Saudi Arabia

714

88.9

89

11.1

0.458

1.30

0.65-2.57

0.669

0.85

0.40-1.82

 Thailand

427

85.7

71

14.3

0.123

1.73

0.86-3.46

0.937

1.03

0.47-2.28

 Kuwait

347

83.2

70

16.8

0.037

2.1

1.04-4.22

0.395

1.40

0.64-3.07

 Oman

351

80.3

86

19.7

0.008

2.55

1.28-5.08

0.044

2.23

1.02-4.88

 Jordan

429

79.7

109

20.3

0.005

2.64

1.34-5.23

0.477

0.74

0.33-1.70

 Nepal

248

79.7

63

20.3

0.007

2.64

1.31-5.35

0.057

2.16

0.98-4.80

 Syria

324

79.6

83

20.4

0.006

2.67

1.33-5.32

0.455

1.35

0.62-2.93

 Palestine

330

79.1

87

20.8

0.004

2.74

1.37-5.47

0.844

1.09

0.49-2.42

 UAE

320

76.7

97

23.3

0.001

3.15

1.59-6.27

0.561

1.27

0.58-2.81

 Indonesia

405

74.8

136

25.1

<0.001

3.50

1.77-6.88

0.006

2.86

1.35-6.08

 Malaysia

525

72.9

195

27.1

<0.001

3.87

1.98-7.54

Not included in multivariate model

 Egypt

288

69.2

128

30.8

<0.001

4.62

2.34-9.14

0.055

2.13

0.98-4.62

 Hong Kong

382

68.8

173

31.2

<0.001

4.71

2.40-9.24

0.003

3.21

1.47-7.01

 Australia

374

68.1

175

31.8

<0.001

4.87

2.49-9.54

Not included in multivariate model

 Pakistan

281

67.2

137

32.8

<0.001

5.07

2.57-10.0

0.002

3.41

1.58-7.33

 Bangladesh

571

61.5

357

38.4

<0.001

6.50

3.35-12.6

Not included in multivariate model

Characteristics

BRCS Score

Unadjusted analyses

Adjusted analyses

Low (score 4-13)

Medium to High (score 14-20)

n

%

n

%

p

ORs

95% CIs

p

AORs

95% CIs

Country of residence

3665

 

4815

   

 Australia

534

97.3

15

2.7

Ref

Ref

 Libya

70

61.9

43

38.1

<0.001

21.86

11.6-41.4

Not included in multivariate model

 Pakistan

221

52.8

197

47.1

<0.001

31.73

18.3-54.9

0.210

1.40

0.83-2.36

 Jordan

252

46.8

286

53.2

<0.001

40.40

23.5-69.4

0.014

1.99

1.15-3.43

 Egypt

191

45.9

225

54.1

<0.001

41.93

24.2-72.6

0.003

2.28

1.33-3.88

 Saudi Arabia

354

44.1

448

55.8

<0.001

45.05

26.5-76.7

0.016

1.84

1.12-3.02

 Kuwait

183

43.8

234

56.1

<0.001

45.52

26.3-78.8

0.009

2.01

1.20-3.40

 Bangladesh

398

42.8

530

57.1

<0.001

47.41

27.9-80.5

Not included in multivariate model

 Hong Kong

230

41.4

325

58.5

<0.001

50.30

29.3-86.3

0.002

2.29

1.34-3.91

 UAE

151

36.5

262

63.4

<0.001

61.77

35.6-107

<0.001

2.64

1.53-4.55

 Palestine

152

36.5

264

63.4

<0.001

61.83

35.7-107

<0.001

2.90

1.68-4.99

 Thailand

175

35.1

323

64.9

<0.001

65.71

38.1-113

0.004

2.18

1.29-3.70

 Malaysia

251

34.8

469

65.1

<0.001

66.52

38.9-114

Not included in multivariate model

 Oman

137

31.4

300

68.7

<0.001

77.96

44.9-135

<0.001

3.80

2.21-6.54

 Nepal

97

31.2

214

68.8

<0.001

78.54

44.6-138

<0.001

3.45

1.99-5.98

 Indonesia

156

28.8

385

71.2

<0.001

87.86

50.9-152

<0.001

4.16

2.51-6.92

 Syria

113

27.7

295

72.3

<0.001

92.93

53.2-162

<0.001

4.94

2.89-8.46

  1. Adjusted for: age, gender, smoking, alcohol intake, living status, place of birth, country, education, employment status, employment stress, healthcare worker, financial impact, contact with COVID-19 case, experience due to COVID-19 and self-identification as a patient
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Globalization and Health

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