Age groups
|
5710
|
75.20
|
1886
|
24.8
| | | | | | |
18-29 years
|
2777
|
75.8
|
883
|
24.1
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
30-59 years
|
2661
|
73.8
|
942
|
26.1
|
0.047
|
1.11
|
1.00-1.24
|
0.004
|
1.35
|
1.10-1.64
|
≥60 years
|
272
|
81.6
|
61
|
18.3
|
0.017
|
0.71
|
0.53-0.94
|
0.184
|
1.40
|
0.86-2.30
|
Gender
|
6383
|
75.6
|
2055
|
24.4
| | | | | | |
Male
|
2305
|
76.8
|
695
|
23.20
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Female
|
4078
|
74.9
|
1360
|
25.1
|
0.059
|
1.11
|
0.99-1.23
|
0.001
|
1.51
|
1.25-1.83
|
Born in the same country of residence
|
6365
|
75.5
|
2059
|
24.4
| | | | | | |
No
|
933
|
72.4
|
355
|
27.6
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
5432
|
76.1
|
1704
|
23.8
|
0.005
|
0.82
|
0.72-0.94
|
0.001
|
0.66
|
0.51-0.85
|
Living status
|
6354
|
75.6
|
2050
|
24.4
| | | | | | |
Live without family members
|
1322
|
69.6
|
577
|
30.4
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Live with family members
|
5032
|
77.4
|
1473
|
22.6
|
<0.001
|
0.67
|
0.6-0.75
|
0.431
|
1.10
|
0.86-1.41
|
Highest educational/vocational qualification
|
6359
|
75.6
|
2052
|
24.4
| | | | | | |
Primary/Grade 1 to 6
|
47
|
79.6
|
12
|
20.3
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Secondary/Higher Secondary/Grade 7 to 12
|
1176
|
76.3
|
366
|
23.7
|
0.547
|
1.22
|
0.64-2.32
|
0.569
|
1.41
|
0.44-4.55
|
Certificate/Diploma/Trade qualifications
|
626
|
71.8
|
245
|
28.1
|
0.198
|
1.53
|
0.8-2.93
|
0.298
|
1.87
|
0.57-6.09
|
Bachelor/Masters/PhD
|
4510
|
75.9
|
1429
|
24.1
|
0.506
|
1.24
|
0.66-2.35
|
0.689
|
1.27
|
0.40-4.05
|
Current employment condition
|
6174
|
75.6
|
1994
|
24.4
| | | | | | |
Unemployed/Housewife/Home maker/Home duties (No source of income)
|
433
|
67.3
|
210
|
32.6
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/afraid of job loss)
|
3304
|
80.1
|
821
|
19.9
|
<0.001
|
0.51
|
0.42-0.61
|
No estimate due to small number
|
Have an income source (employed/Government benefits)
|
2437
|
71.7
|
963
|
28.3
|
0.026
|
0.81
|
0.68-0.98
|
0.588
|
1.05
|
0.87-1.27
|
Perceived distress due to change of employment status
|
5772
|
75.7
|
1847
|
24.2
| | | | | | |
A little to none
|
3767
|
80.1
|
939
|
19.9
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Moderate to a great deal
|
2005
|
68.8
|
908
|
31.2
|
<0.001
|
1.82
|
1.63-2.02
|
<0.001
|
1.52
|
1.27-1.82
|
Improved working situation due to change of employment status
|
4570
|
78.5
|
1251
|
21.5
| | | | | | |
A little to none
|
3566
|
79.7
|
906
|
20.3
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Moderate to a great deal
|
1004
|
74.4
|
345
|
25.6
|
<0.001
|
1.35
|
1.17-1.56
|
0.401
|
1.08
|
0.9-1.32
|
Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker
|
6398
|
75.7
|
2052
|
24.3
| | | | | | |
No
|
3839
|
76.3
|
1191
|
23.7
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
2559
|
74.8
|
861
|
25.2
|
0.115
|
1.08
|
0.99-1.2
|
0.001
|
1.47
|
1.20-1.82
|
Self-identification as a healthcare worker
|
4950
|
78.7
|
1339
|
21.3
| | | | | | |
No
|
2990
|
77.8
|
853
|
22.2
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Yes, doctor
|
712
|
80.4
|
174
|
19.6
|
0.096
|
0.86
|
0.71-1.03
|
<0.001
|
0.55
|
0.41-0.76
|
Yes, nurse
|
838
|
81.2
|
194
|
18.8
|
0.018
|
0.81
|
0.68-0.97
|
0.053
|
0.75
|
0.56-1.01
|
Yes, other healthcare worker
|
410
|
77.6
|
118
|
22.4
|
0.937
|
1.01
|
0.81-1.26
|
0.131
|
0.79
|
0.58-1.07
|
COVID-19 impacted financial situation
|
6418
|
75.6
|
2066
|
24.4
| | | | | | |
No impact
|
3053
|
80.8
|
725
|
19.2
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Yes, impacted positively
|
768
|
75.5
|
249
|
24.5
|
<0.001
|
1.37
|
1.16-1.61
|
0.075
|
1.29
|
0.98-1.70
|
Yes, impacted negatively
|
2597
|
70.4
|
1092
|
29.6
|
<0.001
|
1.77
|
1.6-1.97
|
0.004
|
1.36
|
1.11-1.68
|
Affected by the change in financial situation
|
4813
|
78.6
|
1308
|
21.4
| | | | |
Not at all
|
1201
|
85.9
|
196
|
14
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Unsure
|
724
|
79.4
|
188
|
20.6
|
<0.001
|
1.59
|
1.28-1.98
|
0.149
|
1.23
|
0.93-1.64
|
Somewhat
|
2169
|
78.3
|
600
|
21.7
|
<0.001
|
1.69
|
1.42-2.02
|
0.033
|
1.32
|
1.02-1.08
|
A great extent
|
719
|
68.9
|
324
|
31.1
|
<0.001
|
2.76
|
2.26-3.37
|
0.021
|
1.44
|
1.06-1.96
|
Co-morbidities
|
6345
|
75.7
|
2032
|
24.3
| | | | | | |
No
|
4645
|
78.1
|
1303
|
21.9
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Psychiatric/Mental health problem
|
248
|
68.7
|
113
|
31.3
|
<0.001
|
1.62
|
1.29-2.05
|
0.984
|
1.00
|
0.64-1.60
|
Other co-morbidities*
|
1452
|
70.2
|
616
|
29.8
|
<0.001
|
1.51
|
1.35-1.7
|
0.001
|
1.71
|
1.25-2.32
|
Co-morbidities
|
6059
|
76.1
|
1910
|
23.9
| | | | | | |
No
|
4645
|
78.1
|
1303
|
21.9
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Single co-morbidity
|
1096
|
70.9
|
451
|
29.2
|
<0.001
|
1.47
|
1.29-1.66
|
0.021
|
0.69
|
0.51-0.95
|
Multiple co-morbidities
|
318
|
67.1
|
156
|
32.9
|
<0.001
|
1.75
|
1.43-2.14
|
No estimate due to small number
|
Perceived status of own mental health
|
4950
|
78.7
|
1339
|
21.3
| | | | | | |
Poor to Fair
|
1190
|
67.9
|
563
|
32.1
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Good to Excellent
|
3760
|
82.9
|
776
|
17.1
|
<0.001
|
0.44
|
0.39-0.5
|
<0.001
|
0.72
|
0.60-0.86
|
Smoking
|
6420
|
75.6
|
2065
|
24.3
| | | | | | |
Never smoker
|
5251
|
76.1
|
1647
|
23.8
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Ever smoker (Daily/Non-daily/Ex)
|
1169
|
73.6
|
418
|
26.3
|
0.039
|
1.14
|
1.01-1.30
|
0.708
|
1.04
|
0.84-1.31
|
Increased smoking over the last 6 months
|
758
|
74.7
|
256
|
25.3
| | | | | | |
No
|
418
|
78.1
|
117
|
21.9
|
Ref
|
Not included in multivariate model
|
Yes
|
340
|
70.9
|
139
|
29
|
0.009
|
1.46
|
1.1-1.94
|
Current alcohol drinking (last 4 weeks)
|
6309
|
75.6
|
2035
|
24.4
| | | | | | |
No
|
5646
|
76.1
|
1776
|
23.9
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
663
|
71.9
|
259
|
28.1
|
0.006
|
1.24
|
1.07-1.45
|
0.038
|
1.33
|
1.02-1.73
|
Increased alcohol drinking over the last 6 months
|
658
|
72.1
|
255
|
27.9
| | | | | | |
No
|
511
|
79.7
|
130
|
20.3
|
Ref
|
Not included in multivariate model
|
Yes
|
147
|
54.1
|
125
|
45.9
|
<0.001
|
3.34
|
2.46-4.54
|
Contact with known/suspected case of COVID-19
|
6292
|
75.6
|
2031
|
24.4
| | | | | | |
No
|
3769
|
771
|
1117
|
22.9
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Unsure
|
488
|
68.8
|
221
|
31.2
|
<0.001
|
1.53
|
1.29-1.82
|
0.006
|
1.41
|
1.10-1.80
|
Yes, had indirect contact
|
722
|
75.8
|
230
|
24.2
|
0.384
|
1.07
|
0.92-1.26
|
0.713
|
1.04
|
0.86-1.35
|
Yes, provided direct care
|
1313
|
73.9
|
463
|
26.1
|
0.007
|
1.19
|
1.04-1.35
|
0.782
|
0.97
|
0.76-1.23
|
Experience related to COVID-19 pandemic
|
6155
|
75.5
|
2000
|
24.5
| | | | | | |
No known exposure to COVID-19
|
4833
|
76.4
|
1490
|
23.6
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Tested positive for COVID-19
|
391
|
79.2
|
103
|
20.8
|
0.170
|
0.85
|
0.68-1.07
|
0.175
|
0.80
|
0.57-1.11
|
Tested negative for COVID-19 by self-isolated
|
791
|
69.8
|
342
|
30.2
|
<0.001
|
1.40
|
1.22-1.61
|
0.336
|
1.12
|
0.89-1.41
|
Had recent overseas travel history and was in quarantine
|
140
|
68.3
|
65
|
31.7
|
0.007
|
1.51
|
1.12-2.03
|
0.808
|
0.93
|
0.54-1.61
|
Self-identification as a patient (visited a healthcare provider in the last 6 months)
|
6273
|
75.5
|
2031
|
24.5
| | | | | | |
No
|
4247
|
76.5
|
1308
|
23.6
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
2026
|
73.7
|
723
|
26.3
|
0.006
|
1.16
|
1.04-1.29
|
0.217
|
0.90
|
0.76-1.06
|
Healthcare service use in the last 6 months
|
1973
|
72.4
|
754
|
27.6
| | | | | | |
In-person visit to a healthcare provider
|
1413
|
74.5
|
483
|
25.5
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Telehealth consultation/Use of national helpline
|
426
|
66.9
|
210
|
33
|
<0.001
|
1.44
|
1.19-1.75
|
Not included in multivariate model
|
Used both services
|
134
|
68.7
|
61
|
31.3
|
0.079
|
1.33
|
0.97-1.83
|
Level of psychological distress (K10 categories)
|
6416
|
75.7
|
2063
|
24.3
| | | | | | |
Low (score 10-15)
|
2328
|
88.4
|
306
|
11.6
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Moderate to Very High (score 16-50)
|
4088
|
69.9
|
1757
|
30.1
|
<0.001
|
3.26
|
2.87-3.72
|
<0.001
|
3.36
|
2.67-4.23
|
Level of coping (BRCS categories)
|
6418
|
75.7
|
2061
|
24.3
| | | | | | |
Low resilient copers (score 4-13)
|
2647
|
72.2
|
1018
|
27.8
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Medium to high resilient copers (score 14-20)
|
3771
|
78.3
|
1043
|
21.7
|
<0.001
|
0.72
|
0.65-0.80
|
<0.001
|
0.74
|
0.63-0.87
|
Healthcare service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 6 months
|
6243
|
75.6
|
2020
|
24.5
| | | | | | |
No
|
5595
|
77.9
|
1587
|
22.1
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
Yes
|
648
|
59.9
|
433
|
40.1
|
<0.001
|
2.35
|
2.06-2.70
|
<0.001
|
2.42
|
1.96-3.01
|