Pregnant women attended HFs for their first ANC visit (N = 523) who received better quality ANC services (%) | Postpartum women discharged from HFs (N = 309) who received better quality delivery and PNC services (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Determinants | Categories | Total frequency | % of better quality | p | Determinants | Categories | Total frequency | % of better quality | p |
Structural | Â | Â | Â | Â | Structural | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Ethnicity | Brahmin/Chhetri | 103 | 63.8 | 0.022 | Ethnicity | Brahmin/Chhetri | 155 | 57.1 | < 0.001 |
Janajatis | 155 | 51.9 | Â | Â | Janajatis | 66 | 58.9 | Â | |
Madhesi | 157 | 45.8 | Â | Â | Madhesi | 51 | 23.6 | Â | |
Dalit | 66 | 47.9 | Â | Â | Dalit | 37 | 40.4 | Â | |
Muslims | 43 | 27.1 | Â | Managed by | Private | 97 | 74.6 | Â | |
 Education | No schooling | 155 | 36.4 | 0.001 |  | Public | 212 | 38.7 | < 0.001 |
Up to 10 grades | 216 | 61.7 | Â | Intermediary | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
≥SLC | 152 | 46.5 |  | Province | 1 | 24 | 42.3 | < 0.001 | |
 Managed by | Private | 73 | 30.7 | < 0.001 |  | 2 | 46 | 11.2 |  |
Public | 450 | 52.9 | Â | Â | 3 | 110 | 69.0 | Â | |
Intermediary | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 4 | 38 | 46.7 | Â |
 Province | One | 89 | 43.4 | < 0.001 |  | 5 | 48 | 58.1 |  |
Two | 154 | 32.9 | Â | Â | 6 | 19 | 55.6 | Â | |
Three | 116 | 51.5 | Â | Â | 7 | 23 | 26.6 | Â | |
Four | 25 | 69.8 |  | Women’s age (years) | 15–19 | 36 | 44.5 | 0.013 | |
Five | 84 | 66.3 |  |  | 20–24 | 130 | 38.9 |  | |
Six | 20 | 65.5 |  |  | 25–29 | 96 | 58.1 |  | |
Seven | 35 | 72.1 |  |  | ≥30 | 47 | 68.1 |  | |
 Waiting time | Immediately | 149 | 47.2 |  | Companion in delivery | No | 93 | 55.5 | 0.32 |
Up to 30 min | 251 | 52.2 | 0.427 |  | Yes | 216 | 47.6 |  | |
> 30 min | 123 | 46.7 |  | Health system |  |  |  |  | |
 Region | Mountain | 16 | 53.9 | 0.117 | HF capacity | Low | 123 | 59.9 | 0.160 |
Hill | 172 | 57.9 | Â | Â | Medium | 105 | 45.4 | Â | |
Terai | 335 | 45.5 | Â | Â | High | 81 | 40.6 | Â | |
 Women’s age (years) | 15–19 | 120 | 53.8 | 0.782 | Supervision of staff | No | 119 | 66.3 | 0.010 |
20–24 | 230 | 49.7 |  |  | Yes | 190 | 39.7 |  | |
25–29 | 118 | 44.7 |  | HF meeting | Never | 47 | 53.5 | 0.812 | |
≥30 | 55 | 52.8 |  |  | Sometimes | 50 | 55.0 |  | |
Health system | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Monthly | 211 | 48.0 | Â |
 HF capacity | Low | 175 | 40.2 | 0.036 | Feedback | Yes | 249 | 55.2 |  |
Medium | 174 | 59.7 | Â | Â | No | 60 | 28.2 | Â | |
High | 174 | 48.6 | Â | QA activities | No | 214 | 45.3 | 0.120 | |
 Facility types | PHCCs and hospitals | 303 | 49.1 | 0.782 |  | Yes | 95 | 60.5 |  |
HPs and clinics | 220 | 50.8 | Â | Aama program | No | 78 | 67.7 | 0.051 | |
 Supervision of staff | No | 172 | 41.4 | 0.087 |  | Yes | 231 | 44.0 |  |
Yes | 351 | 54.0 | Â | Decision to seek care | Late | 25 | 60.3 | 0.403 | |
 HF meeting | Never | 64 | 50.9 | 0.961 |  | Timely | 284 | 49.0 |  |
Sometimes | 81 | 47.8 | Â | Providers | Nurse | 203 | 43.1 | 0.006 | |
Monthly | 378 | 50.1 | Â | Â | Doctors | 106 | 63.1 | Â | |
 Feedback | Yes | 326 | 52.2 | 0.320 |  |  |  |  |  |
No | 197 | 45.9 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 QA activities | No | 392 | 50.0 | 0.921 | PNC mothers | Nurses | 137 | 37.8 | 0.006 |
Yes | 131 | 49.3 | Â | Â | Doctor | 172 | 59.7 | Â | |
 Waiting area | No | 39 | 38.2 | 0.309 | PNC-Newborn | Nurses | 134 | 35.7 | 0.003 |
Yes | 484 | 50.7 | Â | Â | Doctor | 175 | 60.8 | Â | |
 HW category | GP/Specialists | 77 | 29.5 | 0.004 | First baby | No | 136 | 51.8 | 0.576 |
MBBS | 23 | 26.3 | Â | Â | Yes | 173 | 48.5 | Â | |
Nursing | 392 | 55.0 | Â | Delivery | Normal | 239 | 46.4 | 0.047 | |
Paramedics | 14 | 31.5 | Â | Â | Assisted | 70 | 62.0 | Â | |
 Supervision of staff | No | 265 | 45.8 | 0.209 |  |  |  |  |  |
Yes | 258 | 54.0 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Problem felt | No | 224 | 56.1 | 0.067 |  |  |  |  |  |
Yes | 299 | 45.1 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Need to pay | Yes | 168 | 43.7 | 0.135 |  |  |  |  |  |
No | 355 | 52.7 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |