Managing borders during public health emergencies of international concern: a proposed typology of cross-border health measures

Table 4 Cross-border health measures by stage of journey

	PRE-BORDER	AT-THE-BORDER	WITHIN-THE-BORDER
TRAVEL	travel advisory or alert (recommendation) or restriction (requirement)
	point of entry by land, air or sea open/closed
	transport availability
	entry or exit restriction		entry or exit restriction
	ceilings and quotas
	visa requirement	visa requirement
	essential travel documentation	essential travel documentation
	disease free or vaccination certification	disease free or vaccination certification
	travel insurance coverage for health care		travel insurance coverage for health care
	screening	screening	screening
	testing	testing	testing
	quarantine/isolation	quarantine/isolation	quarantine/isolation
	entry/exit fees and surcharges	entry/exit fees and surcharges
		fines and penalties	fines and penalties
			contact tracing
TRADE	trade advisory or alert (recommendation) or restriction (requirement)	customs inspection	health inspection
	point of entry by land, air or sea open/closed
	transport availability
	licensing requirement	seizure, detainment and/or destruction	seizure, detainment and/or destruction
	technical requirements (e.g. labelling)	fines and penalties	fines and penalties
	levy and payment of tariffs	levy and payment of tariffs	levy and payment of tariffs
	vector surveillance and control	vector surveillance and control	vector surveillance and control
	quota (maximum volume of travel or trade)
	inspection	inspection	inspection
	testing

ISSN: 1744-8603