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Table 3 Examples of cross-border health measures by level of jurisdiction for COVID-19

From: Managing borders during public health emergencies of international concern: a proposed typology of cross-border health measures

 

TRAVEL

TRADE

INTERNATIONAL (ALL COUNTRIES)

Quarantine measures for travellers under the IHR (WHO)

Codex Alimentarius Commission Standards (WHO/FAO)

REGIONAL/BILATERAL

European Council Recommendation on coordinated approach to restriction of free movement [67]

US-Mexico agreement to limit non-essential travel

UK travel corridors to 50 countries

Tasman Bubble (Australia/New Zealand)

Restrictions by European Union on vaccine exports

SUBNATIONAL (STATE/PROVINCE)

Atlantic Bubble (Canada)

state-level travel restrictions (Australia)

US federal control of PPE supplies to individual US states

MUNICIPAL

Wuhan lockdown

Big White Ski Resort, BC limits bookings to residents (Canada) [68]

Gombe commune, Kinshasa lockdown (DRC) [69]

 

MARKET

Airline requirements for passengers on selected routes (e.g., testing)

Cancellation of cruises in selected regions

Purchase agreements for COVID-19 vaccines