From: A longitudinal study of mental health before and during COVID-19 lockdown in the French population
 | Respondents | Non-respondents |  | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | n = 1237 | n = 7686 |  | ||
n | % | n | % | p-value | |
Gender (n = 8923) | 0.7 | ||||
 Male | 601 | 48.6 | 3688 | 48.0 |  |
 Female | 636 | 51.4 | 3998 | 52.0 |  |
Age (n = 8923) | Mean 61.8 | SD 12.7 | Mean 58.9 | SD 14.4 | < 10−4 |
Marital status (n = 7044) | 0.4 | ||||
 As a couple (marriage. Civil union. Cohabitation with a spouse/partner) | 852 | 71.4 | 4161 | 71.1 |  |
 Divorced or separated | 143 | 12.0 | 779 | 13.3 |  |
 Widowed | 50 | 4.2 | 199 | 3.4 |  |
 Single | 145 | 12.1 | 688 | 11.8 |  |
 Other | 3 | 0.3 | 24 | 0.4 |  |
Highest education obtained (n = 7053) | < 10−4 | ||||
 Less than General Baccalaureate | 288 | 24.1 | 1781 | 30.4 |  |
 General Baccalaureate or Diploma level BAC + 2 | 329 | 27.6 | 1646 | 28.1 |  |
 Diploma level BAC + 3 or higher | 576 | 48.3 | 2433 | 41.5 |  |
Monthly household income (n = 6610) | < 10− 4 | ||||
 Less than €2500 | 280 | 27.3 | 1889 | 33.8 |  |
 From 2500 to less than 4167 €. | 376 | 36.6 | 2182 | 39.1 |  |
 €4167 and more | 370 | 36.1 | 1513 | 27.1 |  |
Place of residence (n = 7135) | < 10−3 | ||||
 Rural area (municipality with less than 5000 inhabitants) | 392 | 35.3 | 2470 | 41.0 |  |
 Municipality with 5000 to 30,000 inhabitants | 334 | 30.1 | 1759 | 29.2 |  |
 Municipality of more than 30,000 inhabitants | 385 | 34.6 | 1795 | 29.8 |  |
Housing type (n = 7288) | 0.78 | ||||
 Detached house | 781 | 69.7 | 4271 | 69.3 |  |
 Apartment | 340 | 30.3 | 1896 | 30.7 |  |
Number of rooms in the dwelling (n = 7274) | < 0.05 | ||||
 One to four rooms | 239 | 21.4 | 1494 | 24.3 |  |
 Five or six rooms | 437 | 39.0 | 2439 | 39.6 |  |
 Seven or more rooms | 443 | 39.6 | 2222 | 36.1 |  |
Size of living space (in m2) (n = 7202) | Mean113.1 | SD 49.3 | Mean 112.4 | SD 54.4 | 0.64 |
Personal outdoor space (garden. Land. courtyard. ...) (n = 6980) | 0.11 | ||||
 No | 272 | 25.1 | 1620 | 27.5 |  |
 Yes | 812 | 74.9 | 4276 | 72.5 |  |
Tobacco consumption at recruitment (n = 6071) | < 10−4 | ||||
 Smoker | 108 | 9.4 | 782 | 15.9 |  |
 Ex-smoker | 285 | 24.9 | 1064 | 21.6 |  |
 Non-smoker | 752 | 65.7 | 3080 | 62.5 |  |
Frequency of alcohol consumption at recruitment (n = 6088) | < 10−3 | ||||
 Never | 97 | 8.5 | 532 | 10.8 |  |
 Once a month or less often | 179 | 15.6 | 904 | 18.3 |  |
 2 to 4 times a month | 346 | 30.2 | 1458 | 29.5 |  |
 2 to 3 times a week | 216 | 18.8 | 977 | 19.8 |  |
 4 times a week or more often | 309 | 26.9 | 1070 | 21.6 |  |
Frequency of holidays (n = 6428) | < 10−2 | ||||
 Two or more times a year | 567 | 49.1 | 2307 | 43.7 |  |
 Once or twice a year | 391 | 33.8 | 1806 | 34.3 |  |
 Only once in two years | 91 | 7.9 | 509 | 9.6 |  |
 Only a few weekend outings | 55 | 4.8 | 362 | 6.9 |  |
 Never | 51 | 4.4 | 289 | 5.5 |  |
Regular activities | |||||
 With a screen (n = 6475) | 1108 | 95.7 | 4937 | 92.8 | < 10−3 |
 Reading (n = 6470) | 1001 | 86.7 | 4262 | 80.2 | < 10−4 |
 Indoor activities (n = 6446) | 238 | 20.8 | 1092 | 20.6 | 0.89 |
 Outdoor activities (n = 6432) | 67 | 5.9 | 451 | 8.5 | < 10−2 |
 Gardening (n = 6455) | 649 | 56.5 | 2907 | 54.8 | 0.31 |
 DIY (n = 6450) | 570 | 49.7 | 2562 | 48.3 | 0.41 |
 Going out (n = 6460) | 752 | 65.3 | 3189 | 60.1 | < 10−3 |
 Manual activities (n = 6440) | 199 | 17.4 | 846 | 16.0 | 0.25 |
 Sporting activities (n = 6470) | 932 | 80.8 | 3970 | 74.7 | < 10−4 |
Self-perceived mental health status (n = 6271) | < 10−2 | ||||
 1 to 7 | 420 | 36.6 | 2112 | 41.2 |  |
 8 | 301 | 26.2 | 1306 | 25.5 |  |
 9 to 10 | 428 | 37.2 | 1704 | 33.3 |  |
 Mean (SD) | 7.75 | (1.7) | 7.54 | (1.8) | < 10−3 |
Self-perceived physical health status (n = 6269) | < 0.05 | ||||
 1 to 7 | 500 | 43.6 | 2479 | 48.4 |  |
 (8 | 354 | 30.8 | 1437 | 28.1 |  |
 9 to 10 | 294 | 25.6 | 1205 | 23.5 |  |
 Mean (SD) | 7.44 | (1.7) | 7.24 | (1.7) | < 10−3 |
Anxiety symptoms GAD-7 score (n = 5467) | 10−3 | ||||
  ≤ 4 | 860 | 82.7 | 3442 | 77.8 |  |
  > 4 | 180 | 17.3 | 985 | 22.2 |  |
Depression symptoms PHQ-9 score (n = 5356) | < 10−2 | ||||
  ≤ 4 | 752 | 73.0 | 2934 | 67.8 |  |
  > 4 | 278 | 27.0 | 1392 | 32.2 |  |