Table 3 Criteria to ensure rigour in quantitative and qualitative research [33]
Quality criteria | Quantitative | Qualitative |
|---|---|---|
Generalizability | - Statistical generalizability | - Analytical/theoretical generalizability; transferability within and across contexts |
Validity | - Accuracy of measurement - Validity: face, construct, criterion | - Appropriateness of methods and expertise and experience of researchers - Validity: democratic (all perspectives accurately represented); dialogic (review and deliberation of findings); process (cogent and dependable); outcome (resolution of research question) |
Reliability | - Precision - Replicability: inter-observer, test-retest, triangulation | - Auditability and transparent documentation of methods - Consistency in applying methods - Achieving theoretical saturation |
Credibility | - Triangulation of data sources - Counterfactual analysis and causal inference | - Triangulation of data sources - Expertise and experience of researchers - Diverse perspectives to test and refine the findings, including consideration of alternative interpretations |
Context for application of quality criteria | - Embedded in a broader understanding of and expertise in quantitative research design, data analysis, application, and limitations | - Embedded in a broader understanding of and expertise in qualitative research design, data analysis, application, and limitations - In-depth understanding of context of analysis from different stakeholder perspectives and ‘thick description’ |