Table 4 Results of multi-level analysis
Category | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | 95%CI | Coef. | 95%CI | |||
Personal variable | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Male | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
Female | 0.720** | (0.253, 1.186) | 0.718** | (0.248, 1.181) | ||
Age | −0.090*** | (−0.122, − 0.058) | −0.086*** | (− 0.118–0.054) | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Not married | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
Married | −0.256 | (− 0.054, 1.840) | − 0.222 | (− 0.949, 0.504) | ||
Number of family members | ||||||
One-person household | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
2 | 0.893 | (− 0.054, 1.840) | 0.847 | (−1.001, 1.794) | ||
3–5 | −0.149 | (− 0.930, 0.632) | − 0.249 | (−1.028, 0.530) | ||
6 or more | 0.083 | (−0.799, 0.966) | 0.034 | (−0.849, 0.917) | ||
Experience of discrimination at the national level due to COVID-19 | ||||||
No | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
Yes | 0.989*** | (0.498, 1.479) | 0.948** | (0.458, 1.436) | ||
Subjective health | −1.624*** | (− 1.921, − 1.325) | −1.612*** | (− 1.909, − 1.315) | ||
Knowledge of COVID-19 | 0.062 | (−0.141, 0.265) | 0.074 | (− 0.129, 0.277) | ||
Trust in hospitals | −0.216** | (−0.374, − 0.057) | −0.231** | (− 0.388, − 0.072) | ||
Private health insurance | ||||||
No | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
Yes | −0.233 | (−0.783, 0.316) | −0.370 | (− 0.915, 0.176) | ||
Practice of social prevention activities | −0.004 | (−0.081, 0.072) | − 0.002 | (− 0.078, 0.073) | ||
Practice of hygienic prevention activities | −0.208*** | (−0.271, − 0.143) | −0.228*** | (− 0.289, − 0.166) | ||
National variables | ||||||
Stringency index score | 0.139*** | (0.074, 0.203) | ||||
Life expectancy | 0.453*** | (0.333, 0.573) | ||||
Literacy rate | −0.096*** | (−0.152, − 0.040) | ||||
Social capital | 0.230*** | (0.173, 0.286) | ||||
PPP | 5.86 | (−5.60, 1.73) | ||||
ICC | 0.130 | 0.221 | 0.016 | |||