|
Total study participants
|
341
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
Age groups
|
313
|
187
| | | | | | |
|
18–29 years
|
72 (23.0)
|
25 (13.4)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
30–59 years
|
224 (71.6)
|
139 (74.3)
|
0.023
|
0.56
|
0.34–0.92
|
0.358
|
0.75
|
0.41–1.37
|
|
60+ years
|
17 (5.4)
|
23 (12.3)
|
0.001
|
0.26
|
0.12–0.56
|
0.010
|
0.29
|
0.11–0.74
|
|
Gender
|
341
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
Male
|
106 (31.1)
|
98 (47.8)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Female
|
235 (68.9)
|
107 (52.2)
|
0.000
|
2.03
|
1.42–2.90
|
0.009
|
1.74
|
1.15–2.65
|
|
Living status
|
339
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
Live without family members (on your own/shared house/others)
|
87 (25.7)
|
36 (17.6)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Live with family members (partner and/or children)
|
252 (74.3)
|
169 (82.4)
|
0.029
|
0.62
|
0.40–0.95
|
0.210
|
0.71
|
0.41–1.22
|
|
Born in Australia
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
200 (58.5)
|
126 (61.5)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
142 (41.5)
|
79 (38.5)
|
0.491
|
1.13
|
0.79–1.61
|
0.623
|
1.12
|
0.70–1.80
|
|
Completed level of education
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
Grade 1–12
|
43 (12.6)
|
26 (12.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Trade/Certificate/Diploma
|
62 (18.1)
|
22 (10.7)
|
0.129
|
1.7
|
0.86–3.39
|
0.106
|
1.89
|
0.87–4.09
|
|
Bachelor and above
|
237 (69.3)
|
157 (76.6)
|
0.734
|
0.91
|
0.54–1.55
|
0.974
|
1.01
|
0.52–1.95
|
|
Current employment condition
|
326
|
195
| | | | | | |
|
Unemployed/Home duties
|
44 (13.5)
|
19 (9.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/afraid of job loss)
|
59 (18.1)
|
22 (11.3)
|
0.693
|
1.16
|
0.56–2.40
|
0.948
|
1.02
|
0.46–2.32
|
|
Have an income source (employed/Government benefits)
|
223 (68.4)
|
154 (79.0)
|
0.110
|
0.63
|
0.35–1.11
|
0.113
|
0.59
|
0.30–1.14
|
|
Perceived distress due to change of employment status
|
118
|
33
| | | | | | |
|
A little to none
|
27 (22.9)
|
10 (30.3)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Moderate to a great deal
|
91 (77.1)
|
23 (69.7)
|
0.383
|
1.47
|
0.62–3.45
|
0.399
|
1.58
|
0.55–4.54
|
|
Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
213 (62.3)
|
101 (49.3)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
129 (37.7)
|
104 (50.7)
|
0.003
|
0.59
|
0.41–0.83
|
0.032
|
0.64
|
0.42–0.96
|
|
COVID-19 impacted financial situation
|
341
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
137 (40.2)
|
91 (44.4)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
204 (59.8)
|
114 (55.6)
|
0.334
|
1.19
|
0.84–1.69
|
0.534
|
1.14
|
0.76–1.72
|
|
Co-morbidities
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
169 (49.4)
|
104 (50.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Psychiatric/Mental health issues
|
36 (10.5)
|
5 (2.4)
|
0.003
|
4.43
|
1.69–11.7
|
0.029
|
3.13
|
1.12–8.75
|
|
Other co-morbidities*
|
137 (40.1)
|
96 (46.8)
|
0.476
|
0.88
|
0.61–1.26
|
0.613
|
1.11
|
0.73–1.69
|
|
Smoking
|
267
|
158
| | | | | | |
|
Never smoker
|
226 (84.6)
|
144 (91.1)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Ever smoker (Daily/Non-daily/Ex)
|
41 (15.4)
|
14 (8/9)
|
0.054
|
1.87
|
0.98–3.55
|
0.054
|
2.03
|
0.99–4.17
|
|
Increased smoking over the last 4 weeks
|
41
|
14
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
22 (53.7)
|
12 (85.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
19 (46.3)
|
2 (14.3)
|
0.046
|
5.18
|
1.03–26.1
|
0.042
|
8.66
|
1.08–69.1
|
|
Current alcohol drinking (last 4 weeks)
|
341
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
206 (60.4)
|
138 (67.3)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
135 (39.6)
|
67 (32.7)
|
0.106
|
1.35
|
0.94–1.94
|
0.196
|
1.35
|
0.85–2.15
|
|
Increased alcohol drinking over the last 4 weeks
|
134
|
65
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
84 (62.7)
|
54 (83.1)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
50 (37.3)
|
11 (16.9)
|
0.004
|
2.92
|
1.40–6.11
|
0.038
|
2.39
|
1.05–5.47
|
|
Provided care to a family member/patient with known/suspected case of COVID-19
|
321
|
195
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
281 (82.2)
|
170 (82.9)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
61 (17.8)
|
35 (17.1)
|
0.820
|
1.05
|
0.67–1.67
|
0.841
|
1.05
|
0.63–1.76
|
|
Experience related to COVID-19 pandemic
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
I have been self-isolating prior to receiving negative result for COVID-19
|
52 (15.2)
|
19 (9.3)
|
0.048
|
1.76
|
1.01–3.06
|
0.082
|
1.75
|
0.93–3.30
|
|
Healthcare service use in the last 4 weeks
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
255 (74.6)
|
178 (86.8)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Visited healthcare providers in person
|
47 (13.7)
|
17 (8.3)
|
0.028
|
1.93
|
1.07–3.47
|
0.983
|
1.01
|
0.30–3.41
|
|
Telehealth consultation with healthcare providers/National helpline
|
40 (11.7)
|
10 (4.9)
|
0.005
|
2.79
|
1.36–5.73
|
0.408
|
0.46
|
0.07–2.93
|
|
Level of fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S categories)
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
Low (score 7–21)
|
207 (60.5)
|
166 (81.0)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
High (score 22–35)
|
135 (39.5)
|
39 (19.0)
|
0.000
|
2.78
|
1.84–4.19
|
0.000
|
2.93
|
1.83–4.67
|
|
Level of coping (BRCS categories)
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
Low resilient copers (score 4–13)
|
333 (97.4)
|
200 (97.6)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Medium to high resilient copers (score 14–20)
|
9 (2.6)
|
5 (2.4)
|
0.89
|
1.08
|
0.36–3.27
|
0.741
|
1.22
|
0.38–3.87
|
|
Healthcare service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 4 weeks
|
342
|
205
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
306 (89.5)
|
203 (99.0)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
36 (10.5)
|
2 (6.9)
|
0.001
|
11.9
|
2.84–50.1
|
0.004
|
20.2
|
2.64–154
|
