Agricultural trade policies and child nutrition in low- and middle-income countries: a cross-national analysis

Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Kafui; Vollmer, Sebastian; Avendano, Mauricio; Harttgen, Kenneth

doi:10.1186/s12992-019-0463-0

Globalization and Health

Table 6 Fixed-effects models for WHZs, n = 205,556

From: Agricultural trade policies and child nutrition in low- and middle-income countries: a cross-national analysis

Weight-for-age Z scores	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
NRA tradable agriculture (10%)	0.04 (−0.01, 0.08)	0.04 (− 0.01, 0.08)	0.09* (0.05, 0.14)**
Parental occupation
Non-agricultural	Ref
At least one parent self-employed in agriculture	−0.02 (−0.07, 0.03)	− 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02)	−0.03 (− 0.09, 0.02)
At least one wage-earning parent	− 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.01)	−0.04 (− 0.09, 0.01)	−0.00 (− 0.04, 0.04)
Parents unemployed	0.01 (− 0.04, 0.05)	0.01 (− 0.04, 0.06)	0.01 (− 0.05, 0.07)
Share of tradable agriculture (10%)	−0.00 (− 0.08, 0.08)	−0.00 (− 0.08, 0.07)	−0.06 (− 0.13, 0.01)
Parental occupation*NRA tradable agriculture (10%)
Non-agricultural	Ref
At least one parent self-employed in agriculture		−0.01 (− 0.02, 0.01)	0.01 (− 0.02, 0.03)
At least one wage-earning parent		0.02 (−0.01, 0.05)	0.03 (− 0.00, 0.05)
Parents unemployed		0.01 (−0.01, 0.02)	0.03 (−0.00, 0.06)
Share tradable agriculture (10%)*NRA tradable agriculture (10%)			−0.04* (− 0.06, − 0.02)**
Parental occupation*Share tradable agriculture (10%)
Non-agricultural	Ref
At least one parent self-employed in agriculture			0.02 (−0.00, 0.04)
At least one wage-earning parent			−0.03 (− 0.07, 0.01)
Parents unemployed			0.00 (−0.02, 0.02)
Parental occupationShare tradable agriculture (10%)NRA tradable agriculture (10%)
Non-agricultural	Ref
At least one parent self-employed in agriculture			−0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
At least one wage-earning parent			−0.01 (− 0.03, 0.01)
Parents unemployed			−0.01 (− 0.02, 0.00)

Notes: Model 1 controls for child’s age, sex, singleton/multiple birth status, birth order, vaccination status, months of breastfeeding, recent fever, and recent diarrhea; mother’s age, number of children, education, BMI, and marital status; household residence (rural/urban), wealth quintile, improved water, and improved sanitation; country-level share of tradable agriculture, log of the value of production of agriculture, NRA for non-tradable agriculture, log of official development assistance and aid, and governance (democratization); country fixed-effects and year fixed-effects. Model 2 adds an interaction between the NRA to tradable agriculture and parental occupation. Model 3 adds interaction terms with the share of tradable agriculture, including a three-way interaction with the NRA to tradable agriculture and parental occupation. Share of tradable agriculture is centered at 50%. Standard errors are clustered by country. Estimates in italics represent p-values < 0.10. * represents p-values < 0.05. ** represents p-values < 0.01. *** represents p-values < 0.001

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ISSN: 1744-8603

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