Table 3 Multiple regression fixed effects models

Real GDP per Capita (1000 2005US$), PPP 5 yr. lag

− 0.0049***

− 0.0132***

0.0035**

0.0477***

0.0323***

0.0631***

−0.0065***

− 0.0092***

− 0.0038***

[− 0.0072,-0.0025]

[− 0.0162,-0.0102]

[0.0013,0.0056]

[0.0356,0.0598]

[0.0172,0.0475]

[0.0520,0.0743]

[−0.0090,-0.0040]

[−0.0125,-0.0059]

[− 0.0057,-0.0019]

Economic Globalization, 5 yr. lag

− 0.1007

−0.1378

− 0.0635

− 0.0276

− 0.027

− 0.0282

− 0.4988**

− 0.5568*

− 0.4407***

[− 0.2855,0.0842]

[− 0.3741,0.0984]

[− 0.2288,0.1018]

[− 0.2474,0.1922]

[− 0.3019,0.2479]

[− 0.2300,0.1737]

[−0.8224,-0.1751]

[− 0.9863,-0.1272]

[− 0.6892,-0.1922]

Cultural Globalization, 5 yr. lag

0.0846

−1.0025***

1.1717***

0.215

−0.5755**

1.0056***

−0.5068**

−1.1211***

0.1074

[−0.1219,0.2910]

[−1.2663,-0.7388]

[0.9871,1.3562]

[−0.0895,0.5195]

[−0.9563,-0.1947]

[0.7260,1.2852]

[−0.8291,-0.1846]

[−1.5489,-0.6933]

[− 0.1400,0.3548]

Women’s Empower-ment index, 5 yr. lag

0.5548***

0.5370***

0.5727***

0.4898***

0.3134**

0.6662***

1.2394***

1.7150***

0.7638***

[0.3894,0.7203]

[0.3255,0.7484]

[0.4248,0.7207]

[0.3076,0.6720]

[0.0856,0.5413]

[0.4989,0.8335]

[0.8624,1.6164]

[1.2146,2.2155]

[0.4743,1.0533]

Democracy, 5 yr. lag

−0.0165***

−0.0147***

−0.0182***

− 0.0145***

−0.0143***

− 0.0146***

−0.0109**

− 0.0102*

−0.0116***

[−0.0194,-0.0136]

[−0.0185,-0.0110]

[− 0.0209,-0.0156]

[− 0.0177,-0.0112]

[−0.0184,-0.0103]

[− 0.0176,-0.0116]

[− 0.0178,-0.0040]

[−0.0193,-0.0010]

[− 0.0169,-0.0063]

Urban Population (%), 5 yr. lag

0.0197***

0.0243***

0.0151***

0.0197***

0.0210***

0.0185***

0.0110**

0.0108*

0.0112***

[0.0162,0.0232]

[0.0198,0.0288]

[0.0119,0.0182]

[0.0157,0.0238]

[0.0159,0.0261]

[0.0147,0.0222]

[0.0039,0.0181]

[0.0014,0.0203]

[0.0057,0.0167]

Fat supply (g/capita/day), 2 yr. lag

−0.2298

−0.5855

0.1259

0.0601

−0.2523

0.3725

−0.4245

−1.2499*

0.4009

[−0.7781,0.3185]

[−1.2861,0.1152]

[−0.3645,0.6162]

[− 0.6256,0.7458]

[− 1.1098,0.6052]

[− 0.2572,1.0021]

[−1.3135,0.4645]

[−2.4299,-0.0699]

[−0.2817,1.0834]

Protein supply (g/capita/day), 2 yr. lag

5.2932***

6.3267***

4.2597***

5.5366***

6.5930***

4.4803***

3.7067***

4.5127***

2.9006***

[4.5661,6.0203]

[5.3976,7.2557]

[3.6095,4.9099]

[4.6805,6.3927]

[5.5223,7.6636]

[3.6942,5.2664]

[2.3864,5.0270]

[2.7602,6.2651]

[1.8869,3.9143]

Carbon Dioxide Emissions (Tons per Capita), 2 yr. lag

0.0246***

0.0231***

0.0262***

0.0821***

0.1053***

0.0588***

0.0206***

0.0232***

0.0181***

[0.0189,0.0304]

[0.0158,0.0304]

[0.0211,0.0313]

[0.0640,0.1002]

[0.0827,0.1279]

[0.0422,0.0755]

[0.0146,0.0267]

[0.0151,0.0312]

[0.0134,0.0227]

_cons

21.2243***

21.5672***

20.8815***

20.6110***

21.0407***

20.1813***

23.0198***

23.1230***

22.9165***

[21.014,21.434]

[21.298,21.835]

[20.693,21.069]

[20.409,20.812]

[20.788,21.292]

[19.996,20.366]

[22.447,23.592]

[22.363,23.882]

[22.477,23.355]

r2

0.8217

0.7798

0.8209

0.8317

0.8167

0.7974

0.8346

0.721

0.9054

N

4206

4206

4206

2911

2911

2911

1295

1295

1295