Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios for participants’ health-related outcomes^a

 LICs

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 MICs

0.55

(0.29, 1.04)

0.81

(0.54, 1.22)

2.20

(1.25, 3.85)**

1.12

(0.75, 1.67)

0.83

(0.60, 1.16)

 HICs

0.41

(0.21, 0.80)**

0.33

(0.19, 0.56)***

3.53

(1.93, 6.44)***

2.63

(1.67, 4.15)***

0.29

(0.19, 0.43)***

 Gender

–

–

–

  Male

1.00

1.00

  Female

0.52

(0.33, 0.81)**

1.44

(0.99, 2.09)⁺

 Age (years)

–

–

  18–25

1.00

1.00

1.00

  26–35

1.01

(0.64, 1.59)

0.89

(0.57, 1.40)

0.74

(0.50, 1.1)

  > 35

1.25

(0.72, 2.15)

0.67

(0.38, 1.20)

1.20

(0.74, 1.95)

 Education level

–

–

–

–

  Junior high or below

1.00

  Senior high school

1.74

(0.77, 3.89)

  College or above

2.75

(1.32, 5.72)**

 Current marital status

–

–

  Married

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Cohabitation

0.68

(0.33, 1.40)

1.95

(1.06, 3.61)*

2.57

(1.49, 4.43)**

  Single

0.76

(0.51, 1.14)

1.52

(0.99, 2.33)⁺

1.44

(1.00, 2.07)

 Visa type

–

–

–

  Tourist visa

1.00

1.00

  Business visa

1.80

(0.98, 3.28)

1.16

(0.69, 1.94)

  Work visa

1.43

(0.80, 2.57)

2.37

(1.45, 3.88)**

  Student visa

1.26

(0.67, 2.38)

3.57

(2.06, 6.19)***

  Others

1.71

(0.86, 3.43)

1.97

(1.09, 3.56)*

 Number of visits to China

–

–

–

  Once

1.00

1.00

  2–5 times

1.26

(0.79, 2.02)

0.83

(0.60, 1.16)

  6–10 times

1.40

(0.77, 2.55)

0.81

(0.52, 1.26)

  > 10 times

1.65

(0.96, 2.81)

0.81

(0.56, 1.15)

–

  0–6

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  7–12

1.12

(0.55, 2.30)

1.58

(0.96, 2.59)

1.21

(0.72, 2.03)

0.89

(0.56, 1.42)

  13–60

1.01

(0.56, 1.85)

1.21

(0.77, 1.91)

1.22

(0.76, 1.94)

1.41

(0.95, 2.09)

  61≤

0.45

(0.25, 0.79)**

1.02

(0.58, 1.77)

1.62

(0.95, 2.75)

1.07

(0.65, 1.75)

 Had a Chinese name

–

  No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Yes

0.76

(0.54, 1.08)

1.15

(0.78, 1.70)

1.15

(0.82, 1.62)

0.83

(0.63, 1.11)

 Had education experience in China

–

–

–

–

  No

1.00

  Yes

1.08

(0.74, 1.58)

 Proficiency in Mandarin

–

–

  Know nothing

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Know little

1.24

(0.72, 2.13)

0.94

(0.62, 1.42)

0.94

(0.66, 1.35)

  Fair (can deal with daily life)

1.75

(0.96, 3.18)

0.91

(0.56, 1.48)

1.02

(0.67, 1.55)

  Fluent

1.76

(0.88, 3.51)

0.66

(0.37, 1.17)

0.60

(0.36, 1.00)

–

–

–

–

  Know nothing

1.00

  Know little

2.48

(0.98, 6.26)

  Fair (can deal with daily life)

3.66

(1.51, 8.89)**

  Fluent

5.27

(2.22, 12.48)***

  0–10

1.00

–

1.00

1.00

–

  11–50

1.70

(1.04, 2.78)*

1.04

(0.69, 1.56)

1.35

(0.96, 1.89)

  51≤

1.68

(1.03, 2.74)*

1.18

(0.78, 1.79)

1.32

(0.93, 1.88)

  No

–

1.00

1.00

1.00

–

  Yes

1.68

(1.14, 2.49)**

1.24

(0.82, 1.89)

1.66

(1.14, 2.41)**