Table 2 General characteristics of the study population
Variables | Early neonatal deaths | ||
|---|---|---|---|
No (N (%))a | Yes (N (%))a | Total (N (%))b | |
Individual factors | |||
Sex | |||
 Female | 9279 (98.9) | 100 (1.1) | 9379 (47.8) |
 Male | 10,092 (98.4) | 166 (1.6) | 10,257 (52.2) |
Birth size | |||
 Average | 11,629 (99.2) | 97 (0.8) | 11,726 (61.2) |
 Smaller than average | 2641 (98.5) | 39 (1.5) | 2680 (14.0) |
 Larger than average | 4660 (97.9) | 101 (2.1) | 4761 (24.8) |
Multiple gestation | |||
 No | 19,177 (98.7) | 245 (1.3) | 19,422 (98.9) |
 Yes | 193 (90.1) | 21 (9.9) | 214 (1.1) |
Maternal factors | |||
Maternal age | |||
 ≤ 18 years | 965 (97.9) | 20 (2.1) | 985 (5.0) |
 19–34 years | 15,004 (98.8) | 180 (1.2) | 15,184 (77.3) |
 35–49 years | 3401 (98.1) | 65 (1.9) | 3466 (17.7) |
Birth rank | |||
 Primi | 2947 (98.8) | 35 (1.2) | 2983 (15.2) |
 Second to fourth pregnancy | 8766 (99.0) | 85 (1.0) | 8852 (45.1) |
 Fifth or higher pregnancy | 7656 (98.1) | 145 (1.9) | 7801 (39.7) |
Birth interval | |||
 < 2 years | 4778 (98.2) | 89 (1.8) | 4867 (24.8) |
 ≥ 2 years | 11,602 (98.8) | 140 (1.2) | 11,743 (59.9) |
Antenatal factors | |||
Desire for pregnancy | |||
 Wanted then | 17,188 (98.6) | 236 (1.4) | 17,423 (88.9) |
 Wanted later | 1172 (99.5) | 6 (0.5) | 1178 (6.0) |
 Wanted no more | 975 (98.6) | 13 (1.4) | 989 (5.1) |
Antenatal care | |||
 No | 7322 (98.2) | 136 (1.8) | 7458 (38.1) |
 Yes | 12,007 (99.0) | 117 (1.0) | 12,124 (61.1) |
Delivery factors | |||
Delivery assistance | |||
 Unskilled birth attendant | 8919 (98.3) | 152 (1.7) | 9071 (46.3) |
 Skilled delivery attendant | 10,425 (99.0) | 104 (1.0) | 10,528 (53.7) |
Place of delivery | |||
 Home | 17,614 (98.3) | 181 (1.7) | 10,795 (55.0) |
 Hospital/health centre | 8756 (99.0) | 85 (1.0) | 8841 (45.0) |
Socioeconomic characteristics | |||
Sex of the household head | |||
 Male | 19,132 (98.6) | 265 (1.4) | 19,397 (98.8) |
 Female | 238 (99.7) | 1 (0.3) | 239 (1.2) |
Maternal education level | |||
 No formal education | 16,043 (98.5) | 240 (1.5) | 16,283 (82.9) |
 Primary | 1589 (99.6) | 7 (0.4) | 1596 (8.1) |
 Secondary or higher | 1738 (98.9) | 19 (1.1) | 1757 (9.0) |
Paternal education level | |||
 No formal education | 11,006 (98.4) | 174 (1.6) | 11,180 (57.6) |
 Primary | 2830 (98.7) | 36 (1.3) | 2866 (14.8) |
 Secondary or higher | 5317 (99.0) | 52 (1.0) | 5369 (27.7) |
Wealth status | |||
 Poorest | 3859 (98.6) | 55 (1.4) | 3914 (19.9) |
 Poorer | 3890 (98.2) | 73 (1.8) | 3963 (20.2) |
 Middle | 3953 (98.3) | 67 (1.7) | 4020 (20.5) |
 Richer | 4012 (98.9) | 42 (1.0) | 4055 (20.7) |
 Richest | 3656 (99.2) | 29 (0.8) | 3685 (18.8) |
Community level variables | |||
Antenatal care utilization | |||
 Low | 13,979 (98.5) | 209 (1.5) | 14,189 (72.3) |
 High | 5391 (99.0) | 57 (1.0) | 5447 (27.7) |
Utilization of facility delivery | |||
 Low | 10,751 (98.4) | 177 (1.6) | 10,927 (55.6) |
 High | 8620 (99.0) | 90 (1.0) | 8710 (44.4) |
Community education level | |||
 Low | 16,996 (98.5) | 256 (1.5) | 17,252 (87.9) |
 High | 2374 (99.6) | 10 (0.4) | 2385 (12.1) |
Community poverty level | |||
 Low | 5021 (98.6) | 73 (1.4) | 5094 (25.9) |
 High | 14,349 (98.7) | 193 (1.3) | 14,543 (74.1) |
Place of residence | |||
 Urban | 4528 (99.2) | 37 (0.8) | 4566 (23.3) |
 Rural | 14,842 (98.5) | 229 (1.5) | 15,071 (76.8) |
Region | |||
 North Eastern | 2605 (97.7) | 60 (2.3) | 2665 (13.6) |
 North Western | 3715 (99.4) | 21 (0.6) | 3736 (19.0) |
 Central Eastern | 1579 (98.3) | 28 (1.7) | 1607 (8.2) |
 Central | 3475 (99.0) | 34 (1.0) | 3509 (17.9) |
 Central Western | 3168 (98.9) | 34 (1.1) | 3202 (16.3) |
 Southern Eastern | 2046 (97.9) | 43 (2.1) | 2089 (10.6) |
 Southern Western | 2782 (98.4) | 44 (1.6) | 2826 (14.4) |