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Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Sample and Bride Price Stress, Poverty Stress and Intimate-Partner Violence (IPV)

From: Associations between bride price stress and intimate partner violence amongst pregnant women in Timor-Leste

Characteristics

Number of women (n = 1672)

Col %

Age groups

 Younger than 20 years

141

8.4

 20–24

568

34.0

 25–29

576

34.4

 30–34

273

16.3

 35 and above

114

6.8

Marital status

 Married

419

25.1

 Engaged/living together

1240

74.2

 Separated/divorced

9

0.7

Educational status

 None or Primary school

271

16.2

 Junior/Senior High School

961

57.5

 Technical College/Diploma

104

6.4

 University

336

20.1

Occupation

 Unemployed

949

56.8

 Student

180

10.8

 Farming/small trade

200

12.0

 Government/Non-Government Organisation (NGO)

190

11.4

 Other

153

9.2

Bride price stress

 No problem at all (ref. category)

899

53.8

 A bit of a problem

600

35.9

 Moderate/ serious/very serious problem

173

10.3

Ongoing poverty-related stress1

 No problem at all (ref. category)

802

48.0

 Some problem

668

40.0

 Moderately serious /very serious problem

202

12.0

§Intimate-partner violence (IPV) derived groups#

 No abuse at all

180

10.8

 Low respect/regard and no abuse

550

32.9

 Severe psychological abuse (threatening, intimidation and controlling)

511

30.6

 Physical abuse only

103

6.2

 Physical abuse + Severe psychological abuse (threatening, intimidating and controlling)

327

19.5

  1. 1Poverty stress included following three items (each item scored 1 to 4: 1. not a problem 2. a bit of problem 3. moderately serious problem 4. a serious problem; total score ranges from 3 to 12): Not enough food; Poor shelter; Not enough money for school fees
  2. §Intimate-partner violence (IPV) items are grouped as follows
  3. Low respect/regard only: Participants included if endorsed one or more items from this group but not from forms of IPV categorized higher in the hierarchy. Example of items include spends his free time with you; consults on different household matters with you; respects you and your wishes; does not trust you with any money
  4. Severe psychological (threatening, intimidating and controlling): Participants included if endorsed one or more items from this group. Participants may have endorsed items from Low respect/regard but not included if endorsed any physical abuse items. Items included in this group are: he is affectionate with you; jealous or angry if you talk to other men; frequently accuses you of being unfaithful; does not permit you to meet your girl friends; tries to limit your contact with your family; insists on knowing where you are at all time; humiliates you in front of others; threatens you/someone close to you with harm
  5. Physical violence: Participants were included if they endorsed one or more of: pushes you, shakes you or throws something at you; slaps you or twists your arm; punches you with something that could hurt you; kicks/drags you; tries to strangle/burn you; threatens you with a knife, gun, or other type of weapon; attacks you with a knife, gun, or other type of weapon; other ways your husband hurts you. Participants were included in the Physical violence only group if they did not endorse any items from the Severe psychological group. They may have endorsed items from the Low respect/ regard category
  6. Physical violence plus Severe psychological (threatening, intimidating and controlling): Participants were included in this group if they endorsed a minimum of one item from physical violence and one from threatening/jealous/controlling. In addition, they may have endorsed items from Low respect/ regard category
  7. #There was one missing case across all IPV items and that has been excluded from the further analyses (n = 1671)
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Globalization and Health

ISSN: 1744-8603