Table 1 Study characteristics: location, study design and economic perspective
Study | Country/baseline year | Intervention length | Follow-up | Study population | Key intervention components | Control | Perspective (e.g. health sector) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amarasinghe[30] | Australia, 2006 | 1 Year | 1 Year | 18 yrs+in Western Australia, male and female, CVD risk level unknown | GP advice for sufficient physical activity (150+ minutes/week) upon random presentation at clinic (6 visits) | No GP advice on physical activity | Health Sector |
Cecchini[31] | China, India, 2008 | Lifetime of population at baseline or up to 100 yrs | Lifetime | Whole population | Int1 Worksite health promotion; Int2 Compulsory food labelling; Int3 Mass media health promotion campaigns; Int4 Fiscal measures affecting fruit and vegetable and food high in fat | No intervention | Health sector |
Cobiac[32] | Australia, 2003 | Lifetime of population at baseline or up to 100 yrs | Lifetime | Whole population (15+ yrs) | Int1 Volumetric taxation; Int2 Advertising bans; Int3 Licensing controls on operating hours; Int4 Brief intervention by GP; Int 5 Brief intervention by GP with GP telemarketing and support; Int6 Residential treatment; Int7 Increase legal age; Int8 Drink driving campaigns. | Current best practice/'do nothing' (random breath testing present) | Health sector |
Cobiac[33] | Australia, 2003 | Lifetime of population at baseline | 6 Months | Whole population (adult, BMI 25 kg/m2, don’t eat at least 7 serves of fruit and vegetables/day, don’t get 30+ minutes moderate exercise at least 5x/week) | Int1 Lighten up (group counselling for changing physical activity and nutrition patterns); Int2 Weight watchers (low-calorie diet and physical activity advice) | No intervention | Health sector |
Cobiac[34] | Australia, 2003 | Lifetime of population at baseline | Lifetime | Whole population (15+ yrs at baseline) | Int1 Pedometers; Int2 Mass media campaign; Int3 Internet advertising; Int4 GP physical activity prescription program; Int5 Travel smart program to encourage use of active transport; Int6 GP referral to exercise physiologist. | Current practice | Societal and health sectors |
Cobiac[35] | Australia, 2003 | Lifetime of population at baseline | Lifetime | Whole population (30 + yrs at baseline) | Int1 Govt. incentives for moderate reduction in salt in processed foods by manufacturers and product labelling (voluntary); Int2 Govt. mandate to moderate salt limits in processed foods; Int3 Dietary advice for those at increased risk of CVD; Int4 Dietary advice for those at high risk of CVD | No intervention | Health sector |
Cobiac[36] | Australia, 2003 | Lifetime of population at baseline | Lifetime | Whole adult population | Int1 Community-based events, sponsorship, promotion; Int2 Information mail-out (multiple re-tailored); Int3 Information mail-out (multiple tailored); Int4 Information mail-out (tailored); Int5 Individual and group dietary counselling; Int6 Individual dietary counselling; Int7 Telephone counselling and information mail-out | No intervention | Health sector |
Cobiac[37] | Australia, 2008 | Lifetime of population at baseline | Lifetime | Whole population (35-84 yrs at baseline, never experienced heart disease or stroke, all CVD risk levels) | Community: Int1 Heart health program; Int2 Mandatory reduction of salt in manufacture of bread, cereals and margarines. Individual: Int3 Dietary advice from doctor or dietician; Int4 Referral to more intensive lifestyle program with specialised counselling (≥15% risk of CVD); Int5 Advice from doctor to switch to phytosterol enriched margarine (≥15% risk of CVD) | Current best practice (‘do nothing’) | Health sector |
Dalziel[38] | Australia, 2003 | 6 Months - 6 Years | 1 session -1 Year | Unclear - clinical trials were in adults | 8 dietary interventions | No intervention | Societal perspective |
Dalziel[39] | New Zealand, 2000 | Lifetime (40 years) | 1 Year | Adults 40-79 yrs, M&F, not getting 2.5 hrs physical activity per week (n = 878) | Physical activity counselling program (verbal advice and written exercise program by GP or Nurse and telephone exercise specialist follow-up) | Best practice | Health Sector |
Elley[40] | New Zealand, 2000 | 1 Year | 3 Months | Adults 40-79 yrs, M&F, not getting 2.5 hrs physical activity per week (n = 878) | Physical activity counselling program (verbal advice and written exercise program by GP or Nurse and telephone exercise specialist follow-up) | Best practice | Programme funder Perspective |
Forster[41] | Australia, 2003 | Lifetime of population at baseline or 100 yrs | 6-12 Months | Adults 20 yrs + overweight and obese | Int1:Hypertension diet with exercise; Int2:Low-fat diet | No intervention | Health sector |
Ha[42] | Vietnam, 2007 | Lifetime of population at baseline or up to 100 yrs | 10 Years | Adult population 30 + years at baseline, all risk levels | Int1: Reduction in salt intake through voluntary manufacturer limits, mass media campaign; Int2:Mass media campaign to reduce cholesterol; Int3:Mass media campaign to reduce tobacco; Int4:Interventions 1-3 combined | No intervention | Health sector |
Higashi[43] | Vietnam, 2006 | Lifetime of population at baseline | 1 Session | Adult population 15 + y at baseline, stratified by i) never smoker, ii) current smoker, iii) ex-smoker | Brief physician advice (GP or other health professional) on tobacco cessation (1 min screening and 8 min advice session) | Pharmaceutical intervention (NRT patch, NRT gum, Bupropion, Varenicline) | Health sector |
Higashi[44] | Vietnam, 2006 | Lifetime of population at baseline | 1-10 Years | Adult population 15 + yr at baseline, all risk levels | Int1: Excise tax increase (55-65%); Int2: Excise tax increase (55-75%); Int3: Excise tax increase (55-85%); Int4: Graphic warning labels on cigarette packs; Int5: Mass media campaigns; Int6: Smoking bans in public; Int7: Smoking bans in workplace. All enforced for 10 years. | No intervention | Government perspective (including initial investment in interventions) |
Jafar[45] | Pakistan, 2007 | 2 years | 2 Years | Adult male and females 40 + years, hypertensive | Home health education (HHE) and training of GPs on BP control - Int1 :HHE + trained GP; Int2 :HHE; Int3 : Trained GP | Current practice | Societal |
Joo[46] | South Korea, 2007 | 12 weeks | 12 Weeks | Adults 20-64 yrs, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, waist circumference >90 cm men, 85 cm women, 30 min exercise 4 times/week | Protein-rich oriental diet and either of:- Int1: Public health centre behavioural program; Int2 : Remote behavioural program (internet, SMS) | None | Program funder perspective |
Murray[47] | South East Asia Region (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Dem Peop. Rep. Korea, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal), 2000 | Lifetime of population at baseline or 100 years | Lifetime | Whole population | Population interventions for BP and cholesterol control: Int1:Voluntary agreements on salt content with manufacturers; Int2:Legislated salt limits in manufactured food; Int3:Mass media campaign; Int4 : Int2 + Int3 | Current practice | Government (implementation and health sector costs) |
Navarro[48] | Australia, 2005 | 1 year | 1 Session | Adults 18 + yrs at baseline from 10 rural communities in NSW, stratified by drinking behaviour | GP screening and brief intervention (1 session) | Current best practice | Health sector |
Oldenburg[25] | Australia, 1990 | 1 year | 1 Year | Adult male and female ambulance officers and paramedics | Int1:Health risk assessment (4x over 12 months); Int2 : Risk factor education (4x over 12 months plus reading material); Int3 : Behavioural counselling (risk factor education plus 1 session behavioural counselling); Int 4:Behavioural counselling plus financial incentives | No intervention | Program funder perspective |
Ortegon[49] | South East Asia Region (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Dem. People’s Republic of Korea, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal), 2005 | Lifetime of population at baseline or up to 100 yrs | 10 Years | Whole population 15 yrs+ | Interventions implemented for 10 years | No Intervention | Program funder and health sector |
Int1: Taxes on tobacco (current excise taxation of 40%); Int2:Raise taxes on tobacco (increased excise taxation to 60%); Int3:Enforce bans on tobacco advertising; Int4:Clean indoor air in public places through legislation and enforcement; Int5:Warning labels on cigarette packs; Int6:Brief advice to help quit; Int7:Counselling to help quit; Int8: Voluntary reduction in salt in industry (15%); Int9: Legislated reduction in salt in industry (30%); Int10:Mass media education on BMI and cholesterol | |||||||
Pritchard[28] | Australia, 1992 | 1 year | 1 Year | 25-65 yr old men and women with one or more of: overweight, hypertension, type 2 Diabetes mellitus | 6 sessions of counselling on good nutrition and exercise by: Int1: Doctor/dietician; Int2: Dietician only | No counselling | Program funder |
Ranson[29] | East Asia & Pacific, South Asia, 1995 | Lifetime of participants at baseline | Lifetime | Smokers 15 + years | Public policy control interventions: Int1: 10% price increase; Int2 :Non-price increase, non-pharmaceutical (e.g. mass media) | ‘Do nothing’ | Program funder (public sector) |
Sacks[50] | Australia, 2003 | Lifetime of participants at baseline | Lifetime | Whole population 20 years at baseline | Int1: Traffic light labelling of food based on nutritional content; Int2 :Junk food tax (10% rise in prices for consumers) | No intervention | Health sector (with some industry costs included) |
Salkeld[27] | Australia, 1990 | Lifetime of participants at baseline | 1 Year | Male and female, selected by GP for at risk of CVD | Int1:Video intervention for lifestyle behaviours (n = 270); Int2:Video + self-help booklet (n = 232) | Routine care (n = 255) | Health sector (govt.) |
Shearer[51] | Australia, 2003 | 6 months | 6 Months | Whole adult population, smokers | Int1:Brief advice by health professional (2x 10 min visits); Int2:Telephone counselling (4x 10 min calls) | No intervention | Program funder (govt.) |
Snowdon[52] | Fiji, Tonga, 2006 | Lifetime | Lifetime | Whole population | Policy changes around food price, storage, manufacture, items available for consumption | ‘Do nothing’ | Govt. (cost offsets excluded) |
Zomer[53] | Australia, 2012 | 10 years or death of baseline population | 10 Years | 10,000 adults 25 yrs with hypertension and metabolic syndrome, no CVD history (based on subsection of AusDiab Study participants) | Daily consumption of dark chocolate (500-1000 mg/day) | No dark chocolate consumption | Health sector |