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Table 4 The association between resilience level and health behaviours

From: Resilience level and its association with maladaptive coping behaviours in the COVID-19 pandemic: a global survey of the general populations

Resilience level

n (%)

cOR (95% C.I.)

p

aOR (95% C.I.)

p

Consumption of substantially more alcohol than usual

 1.00–2.99

107 (29.7%)

4.07 (1.90—8.72)

 < 0.001

3.84 (1.62—9.08)

0.002

 3.00–4.30

174 (20.5%)

2.49 (1.18—5.25)

0.017

2.68 (1.17—6.16)

0.020

 4.31–5.00

8 (9.4%)

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

1.0 (referent)

0.004

Consumed considerably more drugs (e.g., tranquilizers, hypnotics or stimulants) than usual

 1.00–2.99

83 (25.2%)

12.99 (3.12—54.05)

 < 0.001

12.15 (2.72—54.29)

0.001

 3.00–4.30

63 (8.0%)

3.34 (0.80—13.92)

0.098

3.27 (0.74—14.41)

0.120

 4.31–5.00

2 (2.5%)

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

Bought drugs, herbs, supplements or other treatments heard being good for treating COVID-19

 1.00–2.99

112 (31.5%)

4.05 (1.96—8.35)

 < 0.001

3.34 (1.56—7.16)

0.002

 3.00–4.30

181 (20.8%)

2.31 (1.14—4.68)

0.021

1.94 (0.93—4.04)

0.077

 4.31–5.00

9 (10.2%)

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

Exercised less than before the pandemic

 1.00–2.99

304 (69.7%)

2.55 (1.63—3.97)

 < 0.001

1.76 (1.09—2.85)

0.022

 3.00–4.30

585 (56.4%)

1.43 (0.95—2.16)

0.090

1.13 (0.73—1.76)

0.580

 4.31–5.00

47 (47.5%)

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

1.0 (referent)

0.003

Ate more unhealthy food than before the pandemic

 1.00–2.99

288 (65.0%)

4.24 (2.68—6.71)

 < 0.001

2.84 (1.72—4.67)

 < 0.001

 3.00–4.30

503 (48.1%)

2.12 (1.37—3.26)

0.001

1.73 (1.09—2.75)

0.020

 4.31–5.00

32 (30.5%)

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

Self-isolate to stay away from other people to avoid getting infected

 1.00–2.99

367 (82.7%)

2.00 (1.23—3.25)

0.005

1.83 (1.09—3.08)

0.023

 3.00–4.30

763 (74.2%)

1.21 (0.78—1.88)

0.410

1.13 (0.71—1.80)

0.610

 4.31–5.00

74 (70.5%)

1.0 (referent)

0.001

1.0 (referent)

0.005

Have had the excessive urge to wash and/or disinfect my hands again and again so that I do not become ill from germs or contamination

 1.00–2.99

331 (74.0%)

4.08 (2.61—6.38)

 < 0.001

3.08 (1.90—4.99)

 < 0.001

 3.00–4.30

596 (57.6%)

1.94 (1.28—2.93)

0.002

1.70 (1.10—2.65)

0.018

 4.31–5.00

42 (41.2%)

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

Have had the excessive urge to wash and/or disinfect my hands again and again so that I do not pass on germs or contamination to other people

 1.00–2.99

332 (76.0%)

3.63 (2.32—5.69)

 < 0.001

2.54 (1.57—4.10)

 < 0.001

 3.00–4.30

615 (60.2%)

1.74 (1.15—2.62)

0.008

1.43 (0.93—2.21)

0.110

 4.31–5.00

47 (46.5%)

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

1.0 (referent)

 < 0.001

  1. Health behaviours: “not at all” and “seldom” as one group (referent group), with “neutral”, “often” and “very much” as one group (being tested for association); aOR: controlled for age group, gender, years of education, residence, financial situation, weight change over the past six months, and the “presence of 0, 1 or ≥ 2 medical conditions listed in Table 3” as covariates in the final regression equation
  2. cOR Crude odds ratio, aOR Adjusted odds ratio, C.I. Confidence interval