Table 3 Corporate Health Impact Assessment Framework
A: TNCs and regulation | ||||
Global/Regional: Regulatory environment; Political & economic environment; International institutions Successive, strategic corporate restructures, sales and acquisitions. Limited number of TNCs dominating market/market concentration - commercial power and increased resources for marketing and lobbying. (−) Lack transparency – difficulty in monitoring activities (−) Corporate consumption complex | National: Regulatory environmental; Political & economic environment; Status & capabilities of national government; Social & economic inequalities Neoliberal regulatory environment – limited regulation and prioritisation of private interests over population health and equity (−) Strong trade associations (ABA, AHA) and lobbying Group (BAA) (−) Voluntary Codes of Conduct and limited regulation lacks both independent review and monitoring and consequential sanctions for non-compliance (−) | Sub-national/Local: Regulatory environment; Regions or population groups especially affected by TNC. Powerful influence on local level licensing (−) | ||
B: TNCs: Health and equity impacts | ||||
Structure: Global and national operational structure and size of TNC; supply chain | ||||
Political practices: Actions to influence: Global regulatory or political environment; National regulatory or political environment; Role of industry bodies; Taxation structures; Media Regulatory capture through lobbying and close industry political relationships (−*##LT) ABA advocates for policies and regulations that target specific at-risk groups rather than broader population-based initiatives (−**##LT) AHA – track record opposing public health measures (−***###LT) | Business practices: Control over supply chain; Labour practices; Taxation payments/profit shifting; Use of litigation; Use of trade/investment treaties to influence national regulations Multiple ownership and concentration of power changes (−*##LT) Sustainability goals (+*#LT) | Products, distribution and marketing: Product types, trends, proportions; Export vs domestic sale; Marketing methods & strategies Sponsorship of sporting codes provides financial support to sports encouraging physical activity but creates positive link between sport and alcohol consumption (+, −**##LT) Marketing of low alcohol potentially targeting young people (−**##LT) Marketing promoting drinking culture/family friendly (−***##LT) Opposition to pregnancy labelling and other warnings (−**##LT) | ||
C: TNC impacts on life domains | ||||
Workforce & work conditions Workforce; Wages; Health & safety; Living conditions Investment in sustainable operations (+* LT##) Employment opportunities (+**I,LT) equal pay and inclusive parental leave (+*I,LT##) Work heath and safety standard (+**I,LT##) Senate enquiry avoidance fair work act (−*,I) | Social conditions Local goods & services; Local community life Philanthropic activities benefiting communities (+*I#) Social benefits of alcohol consumption (+**I#) Negative impacts on community life (violence, alcohol related harm) (−***I,LT###) Police, ambulance, hospital, and alcohol treatment services, and child protection systems (− ***I,LT ###) Positive relationship between alcohol and gambling (− ***I,LT ##) | Natural environment Ecological systems; Land, water, GHG emissions, pollutants Commitment to reducing environmental footprint (+ * LT#) High water useage in production (−*I,LT##) | Adverse health impacts Food consumption; Cost of goods 45% share of alcohol consumption and related direct and indirect impacts (− ***I,LT###) Disproportionate impacts (− **I,LT###) | Economic conditions Impacts on national or local economy; Public revenue; Local production systems Employs 1700 staff (+**I#) Tax contribution (+**I#) However externalised industry costs (health, lost productivity etc) (−***I,LT###) |
Assess potential health impacts from TNCs activities on: area of impact, type of impact (+ve, −ve), populations affected, size of impact, likelihood (if prospective), timing (urgency) is this fair or avoidable? Likelihood Possible * May happen. Plausible, but with limited evidence to support Probable ** More likely to happen than not. Direct evidence from limited sources Definite ***-Strong direct evidence from multiple sources Health and Health Equity Impact significance Minor # – minimal impact Moderate ## – Some impact Major ###– very significant Timing Immediate - ILong term -LT | ||||
D. Recommendations Recommendations for legislation / policy / practice including who is responsible for taking action, the likelihood that action can be taken, timeframes for taking action | ||||