Table 7 Causality test results

 LNPUH does not cause LNINF

8.939***

0.003

LNPUH ↔ LNINF (bidirectional causality)

 LNINF does not cause LNPUH

4.432**

0.036

 LNPHY does not cause LNINF

27.433***

0.000

LNPHY ↔ LNINF (bidirectional causality)

 LNINF does not cause LNPHY

5.809**

0.017

 LNHIV does not cause LNINF

2.347

0.1268

LNINF→ LNHIV (unidirectional causality)

 LNINF does not cause LNHIV

25.063***

0.000

 LNGDP does not cause LNINF

0.468

0.494

No causality

 LNINF does not cause LNGDP

1.795

0.182

 LNEDU does not cause LNINF

1.818

0.179

No causality

 LNINF does not cause LNEDU

1.552

0.214

 LNGG does not cause LNINF

5.331**

0.022

LNGG→ LNINF (unidirectional causality)

 LNINF does not cause LNGG

1.513

0.220

 LNGLOB does not cause LNINF

32.279***

0.000

LNGLOB ↔ LNINF (bidirectional causality)

 LNINF does not cause LNGLOB

14.606***

0.000

 LNPUH does not cause LNCM

11.329***

0.001

LNPUH ↔ LNCM (bidirectional causality)

 LNCM does not cause LNPUH

4.505**

0.035

 LNPHY does not cause LNCM

41.553***

0.000

LNPHY ↔ LNCM (bidirectional causality)

 LNCM does not cause LNPHY

6.107**

0.014

 LNHIV does not cause LNCM

8.015***

0.005

LNHIV ↔ LNCM (bidirectional causality)

 LNCM does not cause LNHIV

27.553***

0.000

 LNGDP does not cause LNCM

0.592

0.442

No causality

 LNCM does not cause LNGDP

2.124

0.146

 LNEDU does not cause LNCM

1.941

0.165

No causality

 LNCM does not cause LNEDU

2.612

0.107

 LNGG does not cause LNCM

3.400*

0.066

LNGG→ LNCM (unidirectional causality)

 LNCM does not cause LNGG

1.155

0.284

 LNGLOB does not cause LNCM

24.555***

0.000

LNGLOB ↔ LNCM (bidirectional causality)

 LNCM does not cause LNGLOB

14.217***

0.000