Fig. 4

Morbidity and child anthropometrics trends in impacted and comparison areas. Panel A, diarrhoea; panel B, cough; panel C, height-for-age z-scores; panel D weight-for-age z-scores and panel D, weight-for-age z-scores. Temporal comparison is relative to the mine extraction period (x-axis), and spatial comparison is relative to the cluster’s proximity to the mine (impacted, 0–10 km vs comparison, 10–50 km areas). The yellow shade illustrates the baseline period used in the regression models. Error bars show standard errors clustered at the survey-cluster level