|
social determinants
|
Frequency
|
Had less than 4ANC visits (%)
|
Had 4ANC visits but no ID (%)
|
Had 4ANC visits and ID but no PNC visit (%)
|
Had 4ANC visits ID and PNC visit (%)
|
p
|
|---|
|
Structural
| | | | | | |
|
Wealth status
| | | | | | |
|
Lower (40%)
|
832
|
35.1
|
26.2
|
8.6
|
30.0
|
<0.001
|
|
Upper (60%)
|
1,146
|
24.8
|
12.7
|
14.3
|
48.2
| |
|
Ethnicity
| | | | | | |
|
Disadvantaged
|
1,374
|
34.3
|
19.6
|
11.3
|
34.8
|
<0.001
|
|
Advantaged
|
604
|
17.6
|
15.5
|
13.4
|
53.6
| |
|
Religion
| | | | | | |
|
Others
|
306
|
39.1
|
16.2
|
10.1
|
34.5
|
0.056
|
|
Hindu
|
1672
|
27.3
|
18.8
|
12.2
|
41.7
| |
|
Maternal education
| | | | | | |
|
Illiterate
|
570
|
46.5
|
20.2
|
8.8
|
24.6
|
<0.001
|
|
Primary
|
391
|
36.5
|
24.9
|
10.0
|
28.6
| |
|
Secondary or more
|
1,016
|
16.6
|
14.8
|
14.4
|
54.1
| |
|
Maternal occupation
| | | | | | |
|
Not working
|
928
|
32.9
|
13.7
|
12.9
|
40.5
|
<0.001
|
|
Agriculture
|
823
|
27.6
|
25.0
|
10.0
|
37.3
| |
|
Working paid
|
227
|
19.2
|
13.6
|
14.5
|
52.7
| |
|
Perceived violence
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
1,397
|
27.8
|
18.1
|
11.2
|
42.9
|
0.044
|
|
Yes
|
581
|
32.4
|
19.0
|
13.7
|
34.9
| |
|
Decision-making
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
1,324
|
30.9
|
18.9
|
11.6
|
38.6
|
0.111
|
|
Yes
|
654
|
25.6
|
17.3
|
12.6
|
44.5
| |
|
Household head
| | | | | | |
|
Male
|
1,438
|
30.4
|
18.9
|
12.2
|
38.6
|
0.073
|
|
Female
|
540
|
25.9
|
17.0
|
11.2
|
45.9
| |
|
Intermediary
|
|
Language
| | | | | | |
|
Nepali
|
839
|
19.8
|
17.8
|
13.2
|
49.2
|
<0.001
|
|
Maithili
|
360
|
32.4
|
24.5
|
11.2
|
32.0
| |
|
Bhojpuri
|
267
|
54.4
|
12.1
|
12.2
|
21.3
| |
|
Others
|
512
|
29.1
|
18.2
|
10.1
|
42.6
| |
|
Residence
| | | | | | |
|
Urban
|
1,062
|
24.5
|
14.0
|
13.5
|
48.0
|
<0.001
|
|
Rural
|
916
|
34.6
|
23.4
|
10.0
|
32.0
| |
|
Provinces
| | | | | | |
|
One
|
338
|
21.2
|
23.0
|
8.3
|
47.5
|
<0.001
|
|
Two
|
513
|
42.0
|
19.2
|
12.0
|
26.9
| |
|
Bagmati
|
312
|
24.2
|
14.2
|
10.7
|
50.9
| |
|
Gandaki
|
164
|
24.7
|
11.9
|
9.0
|
54.4
| |
|
Lumbini
|
364
|
25.3
|
19.5
|
13.5
|
41.7
| |
|
Karnali
|
121
|
45.4
|
22.0
|
9.0
|
23.6
| |
|
Sudurpaschim
|
166
|
16.0
|
15.5
|
23.0
|
45.5
| |
|
Region
| | | | | | |
|
Mountain
|
131
|
28.3
|
30.5
|
3.4
|
37.8
|
0.001
|
|
Hills
|
760
|
23.8
|
18.2
|
11.7
|
46.3
| |
|
Terai
|
1,087
|
33.0
|
17.0
|
13.1
|
36.9
| |
|
Maternal age (years)
| | | | | | |
|
<19
|
291
|
25.8
|
15.7
|
16.9
|
41.6
|
0.146
|
|
20-34
|
1,582
|
29.2
|
18.8
|
11.1
|
40.9
| |
|
≥35
|
106
|
37.7
|
19.7
|
10.2
|
32.4
| |
|
Birth order
| | | | | | |
|
<4
|
1,678
|
24.9
|
17.7
|
13.3
|
44.1
|
<0.001
|
|
≥4
|
300
|
52.8
|
22.3
|
4.4
|
20.6
| |
|
Sex of index child
| | | | | | |
|
Male
|
1,063
|
28.9
|
17.4
|
12.1
|
41.6
|
0.699
|
|
Female
|
915
|
29.5
|
19.5
|
11.7
|
39.4
| |
|
Access to bank account
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
1,367
|
33.9
|
20.2
|
11.6
|
34.4
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
611
|
18.6
|
14.3
|
12.7
|
54.4
| |
|
Media exposure
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
911
|
40.0
|
22.6
|
9.5
|
27.8
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
1,067
|
19.9
|
14.7
|
13.9
|
51.4
| |
|
Last child (index child)
| | | | | | |
|
Unwanted
|
418
|
39.7
|
16.4
|
11.1
|
32.9
|
<0.001
|
|
Wanted
|
1,560
|
26.3
|
18.9
|
12.1
|
42.6
| |
|
Distance to HFs as a perceived problem
| | | | | | |
|
No problem
|
763
|
23.0
|
13.6
|
12.2
|
51.3
|
<0.001
|
|
Big problem
|
1,215
|
33.0
|
21.4
|
11.8
|
33.8
| |
|
Health system
|
|
Perceived problem not having female providers
| | | | | | |
|
No problem
|
562
|
22.1
|
14.1
|
10.7
|
53.1
|
<0.001
|
|
Big Problem
|
1,416
|
31.9
|
20.1
|
12.4
|
35.6
| |
|
Awareness of health mothers’ group
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
1,340
|
32.5
|
17.7
|
11.5
|
38.3
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
638
|
22.1
|
19.8
|
12.8
|
45.4
| |
|
Mode of delivery
| | | | | | |
|
Normal
|
1,780
|
30.6
|
20.4
|
11.8
|
37.2
|
<0.001
|
|
C-section
|
198
|
16.1
|
0
|
13.0
|
70.9
| |
- ID: institutional delivery, HF: health facility, HMG: health mothers’ group, p-values obtained from Fisher exact test. Other languages include (e.g., Tharu, Magar). Other religions include Buddha, Jain, Kirat, Christian.
