Globalization and Health

Table 2 Effects of FDI and trade on the prevalence of tobacco consumption (Baseline results)

From: Effects of foreign direct investment and trade on the prevalence of tobacco consumption in Africa: a panel study

	(1)	(2)
	Prevalence of tobacco use	Prevalence of tobacco use
L.Prevalence of tobacco use	0.966^***	0.973^***
L.Prevalence of tobacco use	(0.00966)	(0.0129)
Tobacco tax	0.00310	0.00399
Tobacco tax	(0.00392)	(0.00504)
L.Trade openness	0.572^**
L.Trade openness	(0.242)
L.FDI inflows	−0.0168^**	−0.0135^*
L.FDI inflows	(0.00650)	(0.00677)
Income	0.00102	0.00109
Income	(0.0168)	(0.0135)
Education	0.00173	0.00221
Education	(0.00319)	(0.00322)
L.Imports		0.00405^*
L.Imports		(0.00238)
Constant	−0.378	−0.368
Constant	(0.406)	(0.377)
Observations	216	216
Countries	31	31
Instruments	22	22
AR(2)	0.937	0.425
AR(2) p-value	0.349	0.671
Hansen	4.188	6.919
Hansen p-value	0.899	0.646
F stat	6871.8	8170.2
F stat p-value	0.000	0.000

Standard errors in parentheses; ^* p < 0.1, ^** p < 0.05, ^*** p < 0.01; L. refers to the first lag of the respective variable; Year dummies are not reported for brevity. The null hypotheses of the Hansen and the AR (2) tests state the joint validity of the instruments and the absence of second-order serial correlation respectively [30, 32]

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