Skip to main content
Fig. 3 | Globalization and Health

Fig. 3

From: The future of human malnutrition: rebalancing agency for better nutritional health

Fig. 3

Multiple components of adversity are geographically clustered across low and middle-income countries. Persistent socio-ecological stresses include (a) food insecurity and vulnerability to climate change; (b) poverty measured as the proportion of the population living on <USD 3.1 per day; (c) infectious disease burden assessed as the disability-adjusted life years per 100,00 population attributable to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; (d) prevalence of marriage < 18 years among women aged 20–24 years; (e) women’s disadvantaged status in society, measured by the Gender Inequality Index; and (f) coerced labour, assessed as the estimated prevalence of slavery per 1000 population; Maps (a) to (f) show similarity to (h) the prevalence of stunting, a composite marker of undernutrition, categorised as height z-score < − 2. (g) The same countries have experienced exposure to economic liberalisation, assessed as the number of years subject to structural adjustment programs between 1981 and 2004. Data from ‘Our World in Data’ or [68,69,70,71,72,73]

Back to article page