Table. 2 Sample of data extraction and charting process

Robotin, M C. et al.

2010

Prevention

Cohort study

Aiming to optimise the management of chronic Hepatitis B in at-risk populations via screening, surveillance and treatment. To prevent development of liver disease and liver cancer.

South-West Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

5, 800 local residents (hypothetical cohort)

Migrants from Hepatitis B endemic countries

Estimated numbers of CHB infections were derived from Australian Bureau of Statistics data. These figures were entered into a Markov model of disease progression, constructing a hypothetical cohort. The stages of CHB were calculated, as well as the primary and specialist healthcare resources needed annually by the cohort

1. There is a limited increase in GP consultations, a moderate increase in specialist consultations and a large increase in liver ultrasounds for this cohort annually2. New models of care are required in order to scale up the existing services available for CHB population

Schulz, T R. et al.

2014

Prevention

Cost-Benefit Analysis

To compare if screening for and eradication of Helicobacter pylori in immigrants reduces burden of gastric cancer

Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

N/A

Asymptomatic immigrants from high H. pylori prevalence areas

Nine different screening and follow-up strategies were compared with the current process of no screening

1. H. pylori screening and eradication can be an effective strategy for reducing rates of gastric cancer2. Data suggest that use of stool antigen testing is the most cost-effective approach

Aminisani, N. et al.

-2012

Detection (Screening)

Cohort Study

To assess the Cervical Cancer Screening behaviours of migrants, compared to Australian-born women

New South Wales, Australia

12, 541 migrants linked to 12, 143 Australian-born women

Middle Eastern or Asian-born women aged between 20–54 years

Year 2000 records of NSW Midwives Data Collection (country of birth) linked with Cervical Screening Register

1. Migrant women are less likely to participate in Cervical Screening than Australian-born women at the recommended interval2. Migrant women’s screening is less related to socio-economic status, smoking and parity as Australian-born women

Aminisani, N. et al.

2012

Detection (Screening)

Cohort Study

To assess the Cervical Screening behaviours of older migrant women, compared to Australian-born women

New South Wales, Australia

14, 228 migrants linked to 13, 939 Australian-born women

Middle Eastern or Asian-born women aged between 40–64 years

Year 2000–2001 records were compared to an age and area matched random sample of Australian-born women through the NSW Admitted Patients Data Collection and Cervical Screening Registers

1. Older women from the Middle East, North East and South East Asia appeared to have similar overall screening participation to that of Australian-born women2. Women from South Central Asia appeared less likely than Australian-born women to participate in cervical screening at the recommended interval

Author

Year

CCC Stage

Study Design

Aims/Purpose

Location

Sample Size

Population Group

Methodology

Key Findings

Aminisani, N. et al.

2012

Detection (Screening)

Cohort Study

To compare the rates of cervical cancer in migrant and Australian-born women after the introduction of Organised Cervical Screening

New South Wales, Australia

11,485 women

Women aged 15 + diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer between 1973–2008

Joinpoint regression was used to assess the annual percentage changes in incidence and mortality before and after the introduction of Organised Cervical Screening in 1991

1. Incidence and mortality rates fell post the introduction of Organised Cervical Screening for Australian-born, UK-born, Ireland-born women, and to a lesser extent woman from the Middle East, New Zealand, North Africa and Asian-born women.2. There was a rise in mortality found in women from a “rest of world” category, that may be explained by recent migration

Anaman, J A.et al.

2017

Detection (Screening)

Cross-sectional Survey

To compare the level of cervical screening uptake between refugee and non-refugee African immigrant women

Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

144 African Refugees, 110 African non-refugees

254 African women aged between 21–62, from 22 African countries

Chi-Square tests were used to compare demographic and health-related characteristics between refugee and non-refugee women. Multiple logistic-regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between Pap-Smear testing and independent variables

1. Non-refugee women were significantly more likely to utilise pap-screening services than refugee women2. Significant predictors of screening uptake were work arrangement, parity, healthcare visit, knowledge and perceived susceptibility of cervical cancer

Anaman-Torgbor, J A. et al.

2017

Detection (Screening)

Qualitative Semi-Structured Interviews

To describe barriers and facilitators of cervical screening practices among African immigrant women living in Brisbane, Australia

Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

19 African Immigrant women;10 Refugee and 9 Non-Refugee

19 African immigrant women, aged between 21–65 years

Interviews were semi-structured and transcribed verbatim. They were analysed using interpretive thematic analysis.

1. Lack of knowledge about cervical cancer and Pap smear, the absence of warning signs, embarrassment, fear, concern about the gender of the service provider, lack of privacy, cultural and religious beliefs, and healthcare system factors were identified as barriers to screening

Author

Year

CCC Stage

Study Design

Aims/Purpose

Location

Sample Size

Population Group

Methodology

Key Findings

Cullerton, K. et al.

2016

Detection (Screening)

Cohort study

To understand the impact of education sessions on the knowledge and attitudes towards cancer screening.

Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

159 participants in 3 education sessions

7 CALD groups; Arabic-speaking, Bosnian, South Asian, Samoan and Pacific Island, Spanish-speaking, Sudanese and Vietnamese.

All individuals participated in culturally tailored cancer screening education program and a pre- and post-education evaluation measured changes in knowledge, attitudes and intention related to breast, bowel and cervical cancer and screening

1. Overall participants’ knowledge increased, some attitudes toward participation in cancer screening became more positive and intent to participate in future screening increased2. Culturally tailored education programs are effective in improving knowledge, attitudes about and intentions to participate in cancer screening

Kwok, C.et al.

2011

Detection (Screening)

Qualitative Interviews

To understand the barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening for Chinese-Australian women

New South Wales, Australia

18 Chinese-Australian women

Chinese-Australian women with no history of Cervical Cancer

18 women participated in qualitative interviews in their first language (Mandarin or Cantonese) and were analysed using content analysis

1. Knowledge of Cervical Cancer was low and few participants understood the purpose of screening2. Having a doctor’s recommendation was a strong motivator, as was having a female Chinese doctor and reminder letter