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Table 3 Codes and Themes as per applied content analysis based on the SEM framework

From: Exploring factors that contribute to human trafficking in Ethiopia: a socio-ecological perspective

No

Synthesis (Themes)

Code

1

Individual level

➢ Socio-demographic and economic factors

• Age related aspects

✓ Emotional decision, risk-taking behavior, unaware of brokers conspiracy

• Gender-related aspects

✓ Nature of the work that restricts their movement (e.g., housemaid), unable to self-defend physical attacks for biological or other reasons

• Residential area-related aspects

✓ Inaccessibility to information (by internet, Media, etc.),

✓ Inaccessibility to offices that process immigration requirements

✓ Undermining traveling hardships

✓ Considering air travel as a luxury

• Financial resources-related aspects

✓ Unable to offer for safest travel and processing expenses

➢ Smuggling status

✓ Being smuggled, use of employment agencies, having contractual agreement with employers before departure

2

Interpersonal/relationship level

➢ Events on family

✓ Divorce and family conflict

➢ Close relation with colleagues abroad

✓ Considering colleagues abroad as their only role model/reference for future success (pull factor)

✓ Frequent communication with colleagues abroad (pull factor)

✓ Peer pressure from abroad (pull factor)

➢ Pressure from other/s

✓ Pressure from family, colleagues at home, brokers, etc.

3

Community/societal level

➢ Poor community attitude on what it has

➢ Poor government service provisions

➢ Focus on controlling than preventing trafficking

➢ Poor coordination in anti-trafficking efforts

➢ Political conflict

➢ Corruption

➢ Environmental Problems

✓ Considering immigrants working abroad as heroes

✓ Being inhospitable for returnees and deported persons

✓ Illogically thinking that traveling hazards are predetermined fates for each individual

✓ Degrading some types of jobs at home and attaching low social status to them, and willing to be engaged in same jobs abroad

✓ Misunderstanding about returns from foreign jobs without the consideration of working hours allocated in the two settings

✓ Unable to get work place, lengthy bureaucratic process, unable to get farm land (mainly for youths)

✓ Focusing on border control, poor (or only campion based) intervention or awareness creation efforts on the community

✓ Poor government system in fighting trafficking, less cooperation from the community, poor law enforcement of traffickers, etc.

✓ Unsafe migration (to escape from arrest) after involvement in road side violence against government

✓ Unfair treatment of citizens (favoring for relatives or to whom bribe officials by money, etc.), releasing brokers arrested, etc.

✓ Draught and poor crop production

4

Raised at all levels of SEM

• Lack of trust and belief in building future welfare in home-country

✓ Perceived no hope by working at home-country

✓ Loss of trust and belief in home country opportunities

✓ Perceived oversea life is the only way-out for better life

✓ Attitude of having a relative abroad as a measure of status

• Poverty

✓ Narrow option for livelihood, opportunities, or basic services

✓ Mistreatment as a human being and freedom of expression