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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample

From: COVID-19-related stigma and its sociodemographic correlates: a comparative study

 

Healthy controls

(N = 194)

COVID-19 survivors

(N = 154)

Statistics

n

%

N

%

x2

df

p

Male gender

40

20.6

67

43.5

21.12

1

< 0.001

Married

133

68.6

99

64.3

0.70

1

0.40

College and above

156

80.4

69

44.8

47.63

1

< 0.001

Living with family

148

76.3

119

77.3

0.05

1

0.83

Unemployed

10

5.2

35

22.7

23.55

1

< 0.001

Family members infected with COVID-19

5

2.6

105

68.2

170.92

1

< 0.001

Feel online mental service helpful

65

33.5

20

13.0

19.58

1

< 0.001

Obvious economic loss during the COVID-19 pandemic

25

12.9

59

38.3

30.31

1

< 0.001

Frequent use of social media

132

68.0

77

50.0

11.65

1

< 0.001

Perceived economic status

22.59

2

< 0.001

 Poor

38

19.6

66

42.9

 Fair

147

75.8

81

52.6

 Good

9

4.6

7

4.5

Perceived health status

8.09

2

0.018

 Poor

5

2.6

13

8.4

 Fair

88

45.3

77

50.0

 Good

101

52.1

64

41.6

 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

t / Z

df

p

Age (years)

35.7

9.0

42.2

13.7

5.03

252.13 a

< 0.001

Fatigue total score

3.8

2.3

2.3

2.3

6.23

— b

< 0.001

PHQ-9 total score

5.3

5.3

6.2

6.0

1.35

— b

0.18

Overall stigma

46.0

14.0

70.2

12.9

16.58

346

< 0.001

Social rejection

16.7

5.6

27.5

5.9

17.35

346

< 0.001

Financial insecurity

6.9

1.9

8.9

2.2

9.03

298.22 a

< 0.001

Internalized shame

9.3

3.3

15.1

2.7

17.65

345.58 a

< 0.001

Social isolation

13.2

4.3

18.7

4.0

12.37

346

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SD standard deviation, QOL quality of life, PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire – 9 item, SIS social impact scale
  2. a: Satterthwaite corrected because of the heterogeneity of variance
  3. b: Wilcoxon rank sum test