Table 2 ADHD symptoms, psychosocial behaviors and academic performances of ADHD children with and without PDMU
From: Influences of digital media use on children and adolescents with ADHD during COVID-19 pandemic
Subscales | ADHD with PDMU (n = 82) mean ± SD | ADHD without PDMU (n = 110) mean ± SD | Statistical values F (1, 189) | p | partial η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNAP Scores | |||||
 Inattentive | 17.33 ± 5.11 | 16.06 ± 5.38 | 4.15 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
 Hyperactive-impulsive | 9.49 ± 5.85 | 8.90 ± 5.33 | 3.42 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
 ODD symptoms | 10.54 ± 4.81 | 8.91 ± 4.63 | 6.85 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
 CD symptoms | 2.48 ± 2.21 | 1.63 ± 2.23 | 7.38 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
 Emotional problem | 6.28 ± 4.72 | 3.90 ± 3.33 | 14.51 | < 0.001 | 0.07 |
BRIEF Factor | |||||
 Inhibition | 16.57 ± 4.05 | 16.08 ± 3.95 | 1.94 | 0.17 | 0.01 |
 Shift | 13.12 ± 2.91 | 11.96 ± 2.67 | 7.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
 Emotional control | 17.35 ± 4.46 | 15.71 ± 4.08 | 6.77 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
 Initiation | 15.52 ± 3.01 | 14.22 ± 3.09 | 7.31 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
 Working memory | 20.93 ± 3.78 | 19.59 ± 3.97 | 7.26 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
 Plan | 27.05 ± 4.34 | 24.41 ± 4.43 | 17.09 | < 0.001 | 0.08 |
 Organize | 13.23 ± 3.07 | 12.37 ± 2.96 | 3.44 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
 Monitor | 18.01 ± 3.08 | 17.46 ± 3.24 | 2.55 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
BRIEF Index | |||||
 Behavior regulation | 47.05 ± 9.40 | 43.75 ± 9.12 | 6.67 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
 Metacognition | 94.74 ± 14.30 | 88.05 ± 15.03 | 10.36 | < 0.01 | 0.05 |
BRIEF GEC | 141.79 ± 21.86 | 131.81 ± 22.72 | 10.16 | < 0.01 | 0.05 |
FES-CV | |||||
 Cohesion | 6.33 ± 2.57 | 7.26 ± 2.00 | 8.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
 Expression | 4.95 ± 1.81 | 5.38 ± 1.73 | 3.02 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
 Conflict | 4.21 ± 2.46 | 3.60 ± 2.01 | 3.30 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
 Independent | 5.51 ± 1.50 | 5.41 ± 1.39 | 0.19 | 0.66 | < 0.01 |
 Achievement | 5.63 ± 1.86 | 5.65 ± 1.73 | 0.01 | 0.93 | < 0.001 |
 Intellectual-Cultural | 4.17 ± 2.11 | 4.62 ± 2.09 | 2.29 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
 Active-Recreational | 4.28 ± 2.62 | 4.90 ± 2.47 | 1.69 | 0.20 | 0.01 |
 Morality | 4.66 ± 1.64 | 4.63 ± 1.59 | 0.08 | 0.77 | < 0.001 |
 Organization | 5.00 ± 1.46 | 4.89 ± 1.50 | 0.44 | 0.51 | < 0.01 |
 Control | 3.54 ± 1.87 | 3.97 ± 2.10 | 3.28 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
 Total score | 48.28 ± 7.87 | 50.31 ± 8.85 | 2.95 | 0.09 | 0.02 |
ASLEC | |||||
 Relationship pressure | 8.90 ± 4.65 | 5.44 ± 3.07 | 36.22 | < 0.001 | 0.16 |
 Learning pressure | 9.09 ± 4.84 | 6.05 ± 4.00 | 23.16 | < 0.001 | 0.11 |
 Being punished | 9.30 ± 5.60 | 5.87 ± 4.99 | 23.66 | < 0.001 | 0.11 |
 Loss | 2.28 ± 3.00 | 1.78 ± 2.35 | 1.91 | 0.17 | 0.01 |
 Adaption | 2.79 ± 1.91 | 2.10 ± 1.75 | 8.65 | < 0.01 | 0.04 |
 Total score | 36.21 ± 17.68 | 22.57 ± 13.65 | 37.38 | < 0.001 | 0.16 |
SLMS | |||||
 Initiative | 2.49 ± 1.60 | 1.48 ± 1.60 | 20.35 | < 0.001 | 0.10 |
 Awareness | 2.57 ± 1.49 | 1.96 ± 1.41 | 6.36 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
 Interesting | 1.77 ± 1.24 | 1.46 ± 1.12 | 3.63 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
 Goal | 2.23 ± 1.33 | 1.48 ± 1.37 | 13.22 | < 0.001 | 0.07 |
 Total score | 9.06 ± 3.31 | 6.39 ± 3.81 | 24.74 | < 0.001 | 0.12 |
DSRSC | 16.23 ± 6.11 | 11.45 ± 4.49 | 33.73 | < 0.001 | 0.15 |
SCARED | 25.96 ± 19.33 | 12.30 ± 10.54 | 36.02 | < 0.001 | 0.16 |
Daily digital media usage | |||||
 Hours on TV/video | 3.41 ± 3.02 | 2.87 ± 2.57 | 1.18 | 0.28 | 0.01 |
 Hours on video game | 2.15 ± 2.61 | 1.20 ± 1.74 | 7.14 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
 Hours on social software | 1.86 ± 2.90 | 0.82 ± 1.46 | 6.76 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
Days per week for doing | |||||
 Physical exercise | 2.02 ± 1.95 | 2.77 ± 2.13 | 4.58 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
 Artistic and music | 0.82 ± 1.73 | 1.42 ± 1.90 | 3.60 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
 Science and culture | 1.87 ± 2.35 | 2.30 ± 2.48 | 0.25 | 0.62 | < 0.01 |
 Other hobbies | 1.00 ± 1.85 | 1.63 ± 2.29 | 2.67 | 0.10 | 0.01 |