Prevalence of psychiatric diagnosis and related psychopathological symptoms among patients with COVID-19 during the second wave of the pandemic

Zhang, Zhiyang; Feng, Yi; Song, Rui; Yang, Di; Duan, Xuefei

doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00694-4

Globalization and Health

Table 2 Hierarchical linear regression coefficients for the psychopathological symptoms (N = 119)

From: Prevalence of psychiatric diagnosis and related psychopathological symptoms among patients with COVID-19 during the second wave of the pandemic

Variables	Model of generalized anxiety					Model of state anxiety					Model of depressive symptoms
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
*Socio-demographics characteristics*
Age	0.22*	0.01*	0.17	0.17*	0.18*	0.05	0.10	0.07	0.03	0.03	0.19*	0.21*	0.14	0.12	0.14
Sex (male)	−0.07	−0.13	−0.15	−0.17*	− 0.16	−0.06	− 0.12	− 0.11	− 0.10	− 0.09	− 0.10	− 0.13	− 0.18*	− 0.19*	− 0.17
Ethnic group (Han)	−0.05	− 0.17	− 0.04	− 0.07	− 0.08	0.07	0.03	0.01	−0.02	−0.04	−0.01	−0.03	−0.01	−0.04	−0.07
Education level	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.05	0.04	−0.04	0.00	0.11	0.13	0.12	−0.02	0.00	0.04	0.05	0.04
Annual income	−0.02	− 0.00	− 0.07	− 0.07	− 0.05	− 0.06	− 0.04	− 0.08	− 0.10	− 0.07	− 0.08	− 0.07	− 0.14	− 0.13	− 0.10
Community risk	0.23*	0.16*	0.13	0.15	0.16	0.14	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.08	0.17	0.13	0.07	0.07	0.09
Infection type	−0.03	− 0.04	−0.03	− 0.02	− 0.04	− 0.07	− 0.09	− 0.07	− 0.04	− 0.05	− 0.03	− 0.04	− 0.04	− 0.03	− 0.05
History of mental disorder (yes)	0.27**	1.19*	0.09	0.09	0.14	0.26**	0.20*	0.08	0.07	0.12	0.23*	0.21*	0.04	0.03	0.11
*COVID-19-related factors*
Exposure to related news		0.01	0.03	0.07	0.06		0.04	0.06	0.05	0.04		0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01
Perceived impact of pandemic		0.19*	0.17*	0.15	0.16		0.45***	0.37***	0.32***	0.34***		0.20*	0.16	0.12	0.13
*Psychological factors*
Loneliness			0.43***	0.37***	0.37***			0.33***	0.29***	0.26**			0.48***	0.44***	0.42***
Hope			0.27**	0.22*	0.23*			−0.09	−0.01	0.02			0.23*	0.24*	0.26*
*Coping strategies*
Active coping				0.10	0.11				−0.22	− 0.22				0.02	0.03
Avoidant coping				0.21*	0.22*				0.16	0.18				0.25*	0.26**
Emotion-focused coping				0.24*	0.20				0.11	0.08				−0.03	−0.09
Acceptance coping				−0.40	− 0.43**				−0.17	−0.21				−0.15	−0.20
*Social support*
Family support					−0.13					−0.21					−0.21
Friends support					0.006					−0.10					−0.08
Significant other support					0.21					0.32*					0.37*
Adjusted R²	0.10*	0.12	0.28	0.33	0.33	0.03	0.21	0.31	0.37	0.38	0.06	0.09	0.27	0.29	0.31
△R²		0.02	0.16***	0.06*	−0.01		0.17***	0.10***	0.06*	0.01		0.02	0.19***	0.02	0.01
Variables	Model of PTSS/PTSD					Model of somatization					Model of interpersonal sensitivity
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
*Socio-demographics characteristics*
Age	0.28**	0.29**	0.22**	0.22**	0.23**	0.14	0.14	0.10	0.10	0.10	−0.01	0.00	− 0.06	− 0.06	− 0.05
Sex (male)	−0.12	−0.14	−0.20*	−0.21*	−0.21*	−0.21*	−0.22*	−0.25**	−0.30**	−0.30**	−0.07	−0.08	−0.12	−0.12	−0.11
Ethnic group (Han)	−0.02	−0.03	0.01	−0.01	−0.02	0.13	0.12	0.14	0.11	0.10	−0.02	− 0.03	− 0.02	− 0.03	− 0.05
Education level	0.07	0.08	0.05	0.06	0.06	−0.04	−0.04	−0.01	−0.02	−0.00	−0.15	−0.14	−0.10	−0.08	−0.09
Annual income	−0.03	−0.02	−0.07	−0.06	−0.06	−0.01	−0.00	−0.05	−0.00	−0.01	−0.05	−0.05	−0.11	−0.12	−0.11
Community risk	0.19*	0.17	0.09	0.10	0.10	0.13	0.12	0.08	0.10	0.11	0.16	0.14	0.09	0.09	0.10
Infection type	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.09	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.03
History of mental disorder (yes)	0.37***	0.36***	0.23**	0.22*	0.25*	0.03	0.02	−0.09	− 0.07	− 0.05	0.47***	0.46***	0.30***	0.28**	0.31**
*COVID-19-related factors*
Exposure to related news		0.07	0.05	0.07	0.07		0.02	0.02	0.06	0.06		0.02	0.01	0.05	0.04
Perceived impact of pandemic		0.15	0.15	0.14	0.14		0.05	0.02	0.01	−0.00		0.10	0.06	0.04	0.05
*Psychological factors*
Loneliness			0.36***	0.34***	0.34***			0.31**	0.24*	0.23*			0.44***	0.42***	0.41***
Hope			0.33***	0.28**	0.29**			0.15	0.12	0.13			0.19*	0.12	0.13
*Coping strategies*
Active coping				0.08	0.08				0.31*	0.28				−0.01	− 0.01
Avoidant coping				0.13	0.13				0.24*	0.25*				0.15	0.15
Emotion-focused coping				0.07	0.04				−0.01	−0.08				0.22	0.20
Acceptance coping				−0.14	− 0.15				−0.37*	−0.36				−0.18	−0.20
*Social supports*
Family support					−0.03					0.07					−0.10
Friends support					−0.06					−0.29					−0.06
Significant other support					0.14					0.32					0.17
Adjusted R²	0.19***	0.20	0.34	0.34	0.32	0.05	0.03	0.10	0.14	0.15	0.21***	0.21	0.37	0.39	0.38
△R²		0.01	0.15***	−0.01	−0.01		−0.02	0.07**	0.04	0.01		− 0.00	0.15***	0.03	−0.01
Variables	Model of hostility					Model of paranoid ideation					Model of psychoticism
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
*Socio-demographics characteristics*
Age	0.02	0.04	−0.01	−0.01	−0.01	0.06	0.08	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.07	0.01	0.01	0.01
Sex (male)	0.00	−0.00	−0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.00	− 0.01	−0.06	−0.08	−0.07	0.02	0.01	−0.03	−0.06	−0.05
Ethnic group (Han)	−0.10	−0.11	−0.10	−0.12	−0.12	0.03	0.01	0.04	0.03	0.02	−0.02	− 0.03	− 0.01	− 0.04	− 0.04
Education level	−0.15	−0.13	−0.11	−0.09	−0.08	−0.13	−0.11	−0.11	−0.11	−0.12	−0.13	−0.12	−0.09	−0.09	−0.11
Annual income	0.02	0.02	−0.03	−0.03	−0.03	0.02	0.02	−0.04	−0.03	−0.01	0.02	0.03	−0.03	−0.01	0.01
Community risk	0.12	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.11	0.08	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.10	0.08	0.03	0.04	0.05
Infection type	−0.01	−0.02	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	−0.00	−0.01	−0.01	−0.01	−0.02	−0.09	−0.10	−0.09	−0.09	−0.08
History of mental disorder (yes)	0.61***	0.59***	0.48***	0.47***	0.48***	0.68***	0.66***	0.53***	0.54***	0.58***	0.72***	0.71***	0.57***	0.58***	0.62***
*COVID-19-related factors*
Exposure to related news		−0.07	−0.07	−0.04	−0.04		−0.03	−0.05	−0.02	−0.03		0.00	−0.01	0.03	0.02
Perceived impact of pandemic		0.11	0.08	0.06	0.05		0.13	0.11	0.11	0.12		0.09	0.06	0.03	0.04
*Psychological factors*
Loneliness			0.31***	0.27***	0.27**			0.36***	0.33***	0.32***			0.37***	0.33***	0.33***
Hope			0.14	0.10	0.10			0.25**	0.21*	0.22*			0.19**	0.17*	0.18*
*Coping strategies*
Active coping				0.00	−0.01				0.10	0.10				0.12	0.15
Avoidant coping				0.20*	0.20*				0.07	0.07				0.21**	0.22**
Emotion-focused coping				0.20	0.16				0.16	0.14				0.05	0.05
Acceptance coping				−0.25	−0.24				−0.23	−0.26				−0.25*	−0.30*
*Social supports*
Family support					0.05					−0.14					−0.18
Friends support					−0.12					−0.01					0.17
Significant other support					0.14					0.17					0.02
Adjusted R²	0.37***	0.37	0.45	0.49	0.48	0.40***	0.41	0.53	0.54	0.53	0.48***	0.48	0.60	0.63	0.62
△R²		0.01	0.07**	0.04*	−0.01		0.01	0.12***	0.00	−0.01		−0.00	0.12***	0.03*	−0.00

Note. The regression coefficients in this table were standardized regression coefficients. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001

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