Table 3 Background and pre-lockdown living conditions as predictors of a decreased self-rated mental health, and of an increase in depression symptoms PHQ-9 score and in anxiety symptoms GAD-7 score. Result from logistic regression analysis
From: A longitudinal study of mental health before and during COVID-19 lockdown in the French population
| # participants (% with decreased mental health status score) |
Adjusted ORa [95% CI] | # participants (% with increase in depression symptoms PHQ-9 score) |
Adjusted ORa [95% CI] | # participants (% with increase in anxiety symptoms GAD-7 score) |
Adjusted ORa [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1085 (38.9) | 954 (16.1) | 958 (13.3) | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 539 (35.4) | Ref | 480 (11.2) | Ref | 478 (10.0) | Ref |
| Female | 546 (42.3) | 1.25 [0.95–1.63] | 474 (21.1) | 1.78 [1.20–2.65] | 480 (16.5) | 1.78 [1.18–2.68] |
| Age | ||||||
| [23–49] | 211 (46.0) | 1.74 [1.19–2.54] | 186 (24.7) | 2.04 [1.17–3.57] | 185 (16.2) | 1.42 [0.80–2.52] |
| [50–59] | 196 (35.7) | 1.10 [0.75–1.63] | 172 (14.5) | 1.23 [0.67–2.23] | 169 (13.0) | 1.19 [0.65–2.19] |
| [60–69] | 329 (33.4) | Ref | 291 (10.3) | Ref | 294 (9.5) | Ref |
| 70 and over | 349 (41.5) | 1.52 [1.10–2.11] | 305 (17.4) | 1.83 [1.10–3.02] | 310 (15.2) | 1.71 [1.03–2.85] |
| Lives alone | ||||||
| Yes | 242 (39.7) | 208 (22.1) | 1.78 [1.16–2.72] | 217 (16.1) | ||
| No | 816 (38.2) | 723 (14.1) | Ref | 717 (12.6) | ||
| Personal outdoor space | ||||||
| Yes | 879 (37.0) | Ref | 779 (15.1) | 775 (12.3) | ||
| No | 204 (47.5) | 1.38 [1.00–1.89] | 173 (20.8) | 182 (17.6) | ||
| Size of living space | ||||||
| 30m2 per person | 150 (44.0) | 138 (25.4) | 1.98 [1.19–3.30] | 137 (14.6) | ||
| More than 30m2 per person | 903 (37.5) | 788 (14.1) | Ref | 793 (13.0) | ||
| Self-perceived physical health at recruitment | ||||||
| 1 to 7 | 469 (36.5) | 410 (18.0) | 404 (17.8) | 3.31 [1.84–5.95] | ||
| 8 | 335 (39.4) | 307 (16.9) | 298 (13.1) | 2.47 [1.32–4.62] | ||
| 9 to 10 | 278 (42.8) | 231 (11.3) | 248 (6.0) | Ref | ||
| Self-perceived mental health at recruitment | ||||||
| 1 to 7 | 348 (19.3) | 336 (14.9) | ||||
| 8 | 248 (14.5) | 251 (15.5) | ||||
| 9 to 10 | 352 (13.9) | 365 (10.1) | ||||
| Weekly time spent outdoors | ||||||
| ≤ 3 h | 832 (37.3) | Ref | 726 (15.4) | 727 (12.9) | ||
| + 3 h | 238 (46.2) | 1.47 [1.08–1.99] | 216 (19.0) | 220 (14.1) | ||
| Daily screen exposure time | ||||||
| ≤ 1 h | 275 (46.9) | Ref | 234 (17.5) | 237 (16.5) | ||
| + 1 h | 756 (37.2) | 0.65 [0.49–0.87] | 679 (16.1) | 680 (12.4) | ||
| Current smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 100 (40.0) | 87 (24.1) | 90 (20.0) | |||
| No | 969 (39.0) | 860 (15.3) | 860 (12.7) | |||
| Housing | ||||||
| Apartment | 298 (43.3) | 256 (18.0) | 267 (14.6) | |||
| House | 715 (36.9) | 637 (15.9) | 627 (12.3) | |||
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 > 4) | ||||||
| Yes | 231 (19.9) | |||||
| No | 643 (11.4) | |||||
| Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 > 4) | ||||||
| Yes | 150 (20.0) | |||||
| No | 733 (15.3) | |||||
| Monthly household income | ||||||
| Less than €1.250 per individual | 267 (36.3) | 245 (21.6) | 229 (14.4) | |||
| More than €1.250 per individual | 637 (39.4) | 555 (14.4) | 569 (12.5) | |||
| Holidays | ||||||
| Maximum once in two years | 129 (47.3) | 117 (23.9) | 107 (20.6) | |||
| More | 942 (38.0) | 826 (15.0) | 841 (12.1) | |||