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Table 1 The descriptive statistics of demographic information, impact due to COVID-19, and scores from scales or questionnaires

From: The relationship between 2019-nCoV and psychological distress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

Variables

Total participants (n = 6726)

ASD family (n = 1764)

TDC family (n = 4962)

χ2 / t

P

Demographic characteristics

Province, n (%)

 Heilongjiang

3805 (56.6%)

997 (56.5%)

2808 (56.6%)

  

 Henan

1507 (22.4%)

398 (22.6%)

1109 (22.3%)

  

 Fujian

1414 (21.0%)

369 (20.9%)

1045 (21.1%)

.040

.981

Parents’ gender, n (%)

 Male

1017 (15.1%)

246 (13.9%)

771 (15.5%)

  

 Female

5709 (84.9%)

1518 (86.1%)

4191 (84.5%)

2.572

.113

Parents’ age (years), n (%)

 20 ~ 30

1270 (18.9%)

350 (19.8%)

920 (18.5%)

  

 31 ~ 40

4086 (60.7%)

1038 (58.8%)

3048 (61.4%)

  

 41 ~ 50

1302 (19.4%)

359 (20.4%)

943 (19.0%)

  

 51 ~ 60

68 (1.0%)

17 (1.0%)

51 (1.0%)

3.868

.276

Parents’ health status, n (%)

 Well

6506 (96.7%)

1639 (92.9%)

4867 (98.1%)

  

 Diseased

220 (3.3%)

125 (7.1%)

95 (1.9%)

110.009

<.001

Parents’ education, n (%)

 Secondary school or below

2611 (38.8%)

683 (38.7%)

1928 (38.9%)

  

 High school or same level

2518 (37.4%)

729 (41.3%)

1789 (36.1%)

  

 College or same level

1441 (21.4%)

317 (18.0%)

1124 (22.7%)

  

 Postgraduate

156 (2.3%)

35 (2.0%)

121 (2.4%)

24.142

<.001

Parents’ occupation, n (%)

 Manual workers

2119 (31.5%)

395 (22.4%)

1724 (34.7%)

  

 Mental workers

2182 (32.4%)

420 (23.8%)

1762 (35.5%)

  

 Unemployed

1738 (25.8%)

755 (42.8%)

983 (19.8%)

  

 Others

687 (10.2%)

194 (11.0%)

493 (9.9%)

385.557

<.001

Child’s gender, n (%)

 Male

3819 (56.8%)

1297 (73.5%)

2522 (50.8%)

  

 Female

2907 (43.2%)

467 (26.5%)

2440 (49.2%)

273.251

<.001

Child’s age (years), n (%)

 Up to 3

424 (6.3%)

187 (10.6%)

237 (4.8%)

  

 3 ~ 6

2870 (42.7%)

801 (45.4%)

2069 (41.7%)

  

 6 ~ 12

2436 (36.2%)

472 (26.8%)

1964 (39.6%)

  

 12 ~ 18

996 (14.8%)

304 (17.2%)

692 (13.9%)

142.822

<.001

Only child in the family, n (%)

 Yes

3641 (54.1%)

1003 (56.9%)

2638 (53.2%)

  

 No

3085 (45.9%)

761 (43.1%)

2324 (46.8%)

7.157

.008

Parents’ marital status, n (%)

 Married

6383 (94.9%)

1641 (93.0%)

4742 (95.6%)

  

 Divorced or widowed

343 (5.1%)

123 (7.0%)

220 (4.4%)

17.336

<.001

Family income per month, n (%)

  < 3000

1798 (26.7%)

648 (36.7%)

1150 (23.2%)

  

 3000 ~ 6000

2511 (37.3%)

641 (36.3%)

1870 (37.7%)

  

 6001 ~ 9000

1171 (17.4%)

218 (12.4%)

953 (19.2%)

  

 9001 ~ 12,000

577 (8.6%)

118 (6.7%)

459 (9.3%)

  

 12,001 ~ 15,000

284 (4.2%)

50 (2.8%)

234 (4.7%)

  

  > 15,000

358 (5.7%)

89 (5.0%)

296 (6.0%)

147.960

<.001

Impact due to COVID-19 crisis

Parents’ identity, n (%)

 General public

6305 (93.7%)

1682 (95.4%)

4623 (93.2%)

  

 Isolated public

38 (0.6%)

17 (1.0%)

21 (0.4%)

  

 Front-line staff

383 (5.7%)

65 (3.7%)

318 (6.4%)

24.348

<.001

Relationship changes, n (%)

 Increased

525 (7.8%)

160 (9.1%)

365 (7.4%)

  

 No change

4942 (73.5%)

1293 (73.3%)

3649 (73.5%)

  

 Decreased

1259 (18.7%)

311 (17.6%)

948 (19.1%)

6.423

.040

Physical Exercise changes, n (%)

 Better

887 (13.2%)

179 (10.1%)

708 (14.3%)

  

 No change

2250 (33.5%)

571 (32.4%)

1679 (33.8%)

  

 Worse

3589 (53.4%)

1014 (57.5%)

2575 (51.9%)

25.214

<.001

Dietary changes, n (%)

 Better

986 (14.7%)

209 (11.8%)

777 (15.7%)

  

 No change

4239 (63.0%)

1103 (62.5%)

3136 (63.2%)

  

 Worse

1501 (22.3%)

452 (25.6%)

1049 (21.1%)

24.705

<.001

Income changes, n (%)

 Normal income

2105 (31.3%)

416 (23.6%)

1689 (34.0%)

  

 Partial income

2774 (41.2%)

703 (39.9%)

2071 (41.7%)

  

 No income

1847 (27.5%)

645 (36.6%)

1202 (24.2%)

118.750

<.001

Psychological stress, (M, SD)

 Low

2062 (30.7%)

584 (33.1%)

1478 (29.8%)

  

 Relatively low

1655 (24.6%)

417 (23.6%)

1238 (24.9%)

  

 Relatively high

1474 (21.9%)

357 (20.2%)

1117 (22.5%)

  

 high

1535 (22.8%)

406 (23.0%)

1129 (22.8%)

8.695

0.034

Psychological assessment

Resilience, (M, SD)

 Total score

70.3 ± 18.5

66.4 ± 19.5

71.7 ± 18.0

10.308

<.001

 Tenacity

34.7 ± 10.3

32.7 ± 10.6

35.4 ± 10.1

9.581

<.001

 Strength

24.6 ± 6.1

23.3 ± 6.5

25.0 ± 5.9

10.201

<.001

 Optimism

11.0 ± 3.4

10.4 ± 3.5

11.2 ± 3.3

8.970

<.001

Coping style, (M, SD)

 Total score

35.1 ± 9.2

34.5 ± 9.6

35.4 ± 9.1

3.339

.001

 Positive coping

25.1 ± 6.7

24.1 ± 7.0

25.4 ± 6.6

7.017

<.001

 Negative coping

10.1 ± 4.9

10.4 ± 4.9

10.0 ± 4.9

−3.310

.001

Anxiety, (M, SD)/ n (%)

37.4 ± 8.2

38.7 ± 9.3

36.9 ± 7.7

−7.583

<.001

 None

6183 (92.0%)

1548 (87.8%)

4635 (93.4%)

  

 Mild

427 (6.3%)

159 (9.0%)

268 (5.4%)

  

 Moderate

101 (1.5%)

47 (2.7%)

54 (1.1%)

  

 Severe

15 (0.2%)

10 (0.6%)

5 (0.1%)

65.486

<.001

Depression, (M, SD)/ n (%)

41.3 ± 11.7

43.7 ± 12.7

40.5 ± 11.2

−10.102

<.001

 None

5101 (75.8%)

1218 (69.0%)

3883 (78.3%)

  

 Mild

973 (14.5%)

275 (15.6%)

698 (14.1%)

  

 Moderate

567 (8.4%)

221 (12.5%)

346 (7.0%)

  

 Severe

85 (1.3%)

50 (2.8%)

35 (0.7%)

110.954

<.001

  1. ASD autism spectrum disorder, TDC typically developmental children, M mean, AD standard deviation