Variables | Total participants (n = 6726) | ASD family (n = 1764) | TDC family (n = 4962) | χ2 / t | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | |||||
Province, n (%) | |||||
 Heilongjiang | 3805 (56.6%) | 997 (56.5%) | 2808 (56.6%) |  |  |
 Henan | 1507 (22.4%) | 398 (22.6%) | 1109 (22.3%) |  |  |
 Fujian | 1414 (21.0%) | 369 (20.9%) | 1045 (21.1%) | .040 | .981 |
Parents’ gender, n (%) | |||||
 Male | 1017 (15.1%) | 246 (13.9%) | 771 (15.5%) |  |  |
 Female | 5709 (84.9%) | 1518 (86.1%) | 4191 (84.5%) | 2.572 | .113 |
Parents’ age (years), n (%) | |||||
 20 ~ 30 | 1270 (18.9%) | 350 (19.8%) | 920 (18.5%) |  |  |
 31 ~ 40 | 4086 (60.7%) | 1038 (58.8%) | 3048 (61.4%) |  |  |
 41 ~ 50 | 1302 (19.4%) | 359 (20.4%) | 943 (19.0%) |  |  |
 51 ~ 60 | 68 (1.0%) | 17 (1.0%) | 51 (1.0%) | 3.868 | .276 |
Parents’ health status, n (%) | |||||
 Well | 6506 (96.7%) | 1639 (92.9%) | 4867 (98.1%) |  |  |
 Diseased | 220 (3.3%) | 125 (7.1%) | 95 (1.9%) | 110.009 | <.001 |
Parents’ education, n (%) | |||||
 Secondary school or below | 2611 (38.8%) | 683 (38.7%) | 1928 (38.9%) |  |  |
 High school or same level | 2518 (37.4%) | 729 (41.3%) | 1789 (36.1%) |  |  |
 College or same level | 1441 (21.4%) | 317 (18.0%) | 1124 (22.7%) |  |  |
 Postgraduate | 156 (2.3%) | 35 (2.0%) | 121 (2.4%) | 24.142 | <.001 |
Parents’ occupation, n (%) | |||||
 Manual workers | 2119 (31.5%) | 395 (22.4%) | 1724 (34.7%) |  |  |
 Mental workers | 2182 (32.4%) | 420 (23.8%) | 1762 (35.5%) |  |  |
 Unemployed | 1738 (25.8%) | 755 (42.8%) | 983 (19.8%) |  |  |
 Others | 687 (10.2%) | 194 (11.0%) | 493 (9.9%) | 385.557 | <.001 |
Child’s gender, n (%) | |||||
 Male | 3819 (56.8%) | 1297 (73.5%) | 2522 (50.8%) |  |  |
 Female | 2907 (43.2%) | 467 (26.5%) | 2440 (49.2%) | 273.251 | <.001 |
Child’s age (years), n (%) | |||||
 Up to 3 | 424 (6.3%) | 187 (10.6%) | 237 (4.8%) |  |  |
 3 ~ 6 | 2870 (42.7%) | 801 (45.4%) | 2069 (41.7%) |  |  |
 6 ~ 12 | 2436 (36.2%) | 472 (26.8%) | 1964 (39.6%) |  |  |
 12 ~ 18 | 996 (14.8%) | 304 (17.2%) | 692 (13.9%) | 142.822 | <.001 |
Only child in the family, n (%) | |||||
 Yes | 3641 (54.1%) | 1003 (56.9%) | 2638 (53.2%) |  |  |
 No | 3085 (45.9%) | 761 (43.1%) | 2324 (46.8%) | 7.157 | .008 |
Parents’ marital status, n (%) | |||||
 Married | 6383 (94.9%) | 1641 (93.0%) | 4742 (95.6%) |  |  |
 Divorced or widowed | 343 (5.1%) | 123 (7.0%) | 220 (4.4%) | 17.336 | <.001 |
Family income per month, n (%) | |||||
  < 3000 | 1798 (26.7%) | 648 (36.7%) | 1150 (23.2%) |  |  |
 3000 ~ 6000 | 2511 (37.3%) | 641 (36.3%) | 1870 (37.7%) |  |  |
 6001 ~ 9000 | 1171 (17.4%) | 218 (12.4%) | 953 (19.2%) |  |  |
 9001 ~ 12,000 | 577 (8.6%) | 118 (6.7%) | 459 (9.3%) |  |  |
 12,001 ~ 15,000 | 284 (4.2%) | 50 (2.8%) | 234 (4.7%) |  |  |
  > 15,000 | 358 (5.7%) | 89 (5.0%) | 296 (6.0%) | 147.960 | <.001 |
Impact due to COVID-19 crisis | |||||
Parents’ identity, n (%) | |||||
 General public | 6305 (93.7%) | 1682 (95.4%) | 4623 (93.2%) |  |  |
 Isolated public | 38 (0.6%) | 17 (1.0%) | 21 (0.4%) |  |  |
 Front-line staff | 383 (5.7%) | 65 (3.7%) | 318 (6.4%) | 24.348 | <.001 |
Relationship changes, n (%) | |||||
 Increased | 525 (7.8%) | 160 (9.1%) | 365 (7.4%) |  |  |
 No change | 4942 (73.5%) | 1293 (73.3%) | 3649 (73.5%) |  |  |
 Decreased | 1259 (18.7%) | 311 (17.6%) | 948 (19.1%) | 6.423 | .040 |
Physical Exercise changes, n (%) | |||||
 Better | 887 (13.2%) | 179 (10.1%) | 708 (14.3%) |  |  |
 No change | 2250 (33.5%) | 571 (32.4%) | 1679 (33.8%) |  |  |
 Worse | 3589 (53.4%) | 1014 (57.5%) | 2575 (51.9%) | 25.214 | <.001 |
Dietary changes, n (%) | |||||
 Better | 986 (14.7%) | 209 (11.8%) | 777 (15.7%) |  |  |
 No change | 4239 (63.0%) | 1103 (62.5%) | 3136 (63.2%) |  |  |
 Worse | 1501 (22.3%) | 452 (25.6%) | 1049 (21.1%) | 24.705 | <.001 |
Income changes, n (%) | |||||
 Normal income | 2105 (31.3%) | 416 (23.6%) | 1689 (34.0%) |  |  |
 Partial income | 2774 (41.2%) | 703 (39.9%) | 2071 (41.7%) |  |  |
 No income | 1847 (27.5%) | 645 (36.6%) | 1202 (24.2%) | 118.750 | <.001 |
Psychological stress, (M, SD) | |||||
 Low | 2062 (30.7%) | 584 (33.1%) | 1478 (29.8%) |  |  |
 Relatively low | 1655 (24.6%) | 417 (23.6%) | 1238 (24.9%) |  |  |
 Relatively high | 1474 (21.9%) | 357 (20.2%) | 1117 (22.5%) |  |  |
 high | 1535 (22.8%) | 406 (23.0%) | 1129 (22.8%) | 8.695 | 0.034 |
Psychological assessment | |||||
Resilience, (M, SD) | |||||
 Total score | 70.3 ± 18.5 | 66.4 ± 19.5 | 71.7 ± 18.0 | 10.308 | <.001 |
 Tenacity | 34.7 ± 10.3 | 32.7 ± 10.6 | 35.4 ± 10.1 | 9.581 | <.001 |
 Strength | 24.6 ± 6.1 | 23.3 ± 6.5 | 25.0 ± 5.9 | 10.201 | <.001 |
 Optimism | 11.0 ± 3.4 | 10.4 ± 3.5 | 11.2 ± 3.3 | 8.970 | <.001 |
Coping style, (M, SD) | |||||
 Total score | 35.1 ± 9.2 | 34.5 ± 9.6 | 35.4 ± 9.1 | 3.339 | .001 |
 Positive coping | 25.1 ± 6.7 | 24.1 ± 7.0 | 25.4 ± 6.6 | 7.017 | <.001 |
 Negative coping | 10.1 ± 4.9 | 10.4 ± 4.9 | 10.0 ± 4.9 | −3.310 | .001 |
Anxiety, (M, SD)/ n (%) | 37.4 ± 8.2 | 38.7 ± 9.3 | 36.9 ± 7.7 | −7.583 | <.001 |
 None | 6183 (92.0%) | 1548 (87.8%) | 4635 (93.4%) |  |  |
 Mild | 427 (6.3%) | 159 (9.0%) | 268 (5.4%) |  |  |
 Moderate | 101 (1.5%) | 47 (2.7%) | 54 (1.1%) |  |  |
 Severe | 15 (0.2%) | 10 (0.6%) | 5 (0.1%) | 65.486 | <.001 |
Depression, (M, SD)/ n (%) | 41.3 ± 11.7 | 43.7 ± 12.7 | 40.5 ± 11.2 | −10.102 | <.001 |
 None | 5101 (75.8%) | 1218 (69.0%) | 3883 (78.3%) |  |  |
 Mild | 973 (14.5%) | 275 (15.6%) | 698 (14.1%) |  |  |
 Moderate | 567 (8.4%) | 221 (12.5%) | 346 (7.0%) |  |  |
 Severe | 85 (1.3%) | 50 (2.8%) | 35 (0.7%) | 110.954 | <.001 |