|
Demographic characteristics
|
|
Province, n (%)
|
|
Heilongjiang
|
3805 (56.6%)
|
997 (56.5%)
|
2808 (56.6%)
| | |
|
Henan
|
1507 (22.4%)
|
398 (22.6%)
|
1109 (22.3%)
| | |
|
Fujian
|
1414 (21.0%)
|
369 (20.9%)
|
1045 (21.1%)
|
.040
|
.981
|
|
Parents’ gender, n (%)
|
|
Male
|
1017 (15.1%)
|
246 (13.9%)
|
771 (15.5%)
| | |
|
Female
|
5709 (84.9%)
|
1518 (86.1%)
|
4191 (84.5%)
|
2.572
|
.113
|
|
Parents’ age (years), n (%)
|
|
20 ~ 30
|
1270 (18.9%)
|
350 (19.8%)
|
920 (18.5%)
| | |
|
31 ~ 40
|
4086 (60.7%)
|
1038 (58.8%)
|
3048 (61.4%)
| | |
|
41 ~ 50
|
1302 (19.4%)
|
359 (20.4%)
|
943 (19.0%)
| | |
|
51 ~ 60
|
68 (1.0%)
|
17 (1.0%)
|
51 (1.0%)
|
3.868
|
.276
|
|
Parents’ health status, n (%)
|
|
Well
|
6506 (96.7%)
|
1639 (92.9%)
|
4867 (98.1%)
| | |
|
Diseased
|
220 (3.3%)
|
125 (7.1%)
|
95 (1.9%)
|
110.009
|
<.001
|
|
Parents’ education, n (%)
|
|
Secondary school or below
|
2611 (38.8%)
|
683 (38.7%)
|
1928 (38.9%)
| | |
|
High school or same level
|
2518 (37.4%)
|
729 (41.3%)
|
1789 (36.1%)
| | |
|
College or same level
|
1441 (21.4%)
|
317 (18.0%)
|
1124 (22.7%)
| | |
|
Postgraduate
|
156 (2.3%)
|
35 (2.0%)
|
121 (2.4%)
|
24.142
|
<.001
|
|
Parents’ occupation, n (%)
|
|
Manual workers
|
2119 (31.5%)
|
395 (22.4%)
|
1724 (34.7%)
| | |
|
Mental workers
|
2182 (32.4%)
|
420 (23.8%)
|
1762 (35.5%)
| | |
|
Unemployed
|
1738 (25.8%)
|
755 (42.8%)
|
983 (19.8%)
| | |
|
Others
|
687 (10.2%)
|
194 (11.0%)
|
493 (9.9%)
|
385.557
|
<.001
|
|
Child’s gender, n (%)
|
|
Male
|
3819 (56.8%)
|
1297 (73.5%)
|
2522 (50.8%)
| | |
|
Female
|
2907 (43.2%)
|
467 (26.5%)
|
2440 (49.2%)
|
273.251
|
<.001
|
|
Child’s age (years), n (%)
|
|
Up to 3
|
424 (6.3%)
|
187 (10.6%)
|
237 (4.8%)
| | |
|
3 ~ 6
|
2870 (42.7%)
|
801 (45.4%)
|
2069 (41.7%)
| | |
|
6 ~ 12
|
2436 (36.2%)
|
472 (26.8%)
|
1964 (39.6%)
| | |
|
12 ~ 18
|
996 (14.8%)
|
304 (17.2%)
|
692 (13.9%)
|
142.822
|
<.001
|
|
Only child in the family, n (%)
|
|
Yes
|
3641 (54.1%)
|
1003 (56.9%)
|
2638 (53.2%)
| | |
|
No
|
3085 (45.9%)
|
761 (43.1%)
|
2324 (46.8%)
|
7.157
|
.008
|
|
Parents’ marital status, n (%)
|
|
Married
|
6383 (94.9%)
|
1641 (93.0%)
|
4742 (95.6%)
| | |
|
Divorced or widowed
|
343 (5.1%)
|
123 (7.0%)
|
220 (4.4%)
|
17.336
|
<.001
|
|
Family income per month, n (%)
|
|
< 3000
|
1798 (26.7%)
|
648 (36.7%)
|
1150 (23.2%)
| | |
|
3000 ~ 6000
|
2511 (37.3%)
|
641 (36.3%)
|
1870 (37.7%)
| | |
|
6001 ~ 9000
|
1171 (17.4%)
|
218 (12.4%)
|
953 (19.2%)
| | |
|
9001 ~ 12,000
|
577 (8.6%)
|
118 (6.7%)
|
459 (9.3%)
| | |
|
12,001 ~ 15,000
|
284 (4.2%)
|
50 (2.8%)
|
234 (4.7%)
| | |
|
> 15,000
|
358 (5.7%)
|
89 (5.0%)
|
296 (6.0%)
|
147.960
|
<.001
|
|
Impact due to COVID-19 crisis
|
|
Parents’ identity, n (%)
|
|
General public
|
6305 (93.7%)
|
1682 (95.4%)
|
4623 (93.2%)
| | |
|
Isolated public
|
38 (0.6%)
|
17 (1.0%)
|
21 (0.4%)
| | |
|
Front-line staff
|
383 (5.7%)
|
65 (3.7%)
|
318 (6.4%)
|
24.348
|
<.001
|
|
Relationship changes, n (%)
|
|
Increased
|
525 (7.8%)
|
160 (9.1%)
|
365 (7.4%)
| | |
|
No change
|
4942 (73.5%)
|
1293 (73.3%)
|
3649 (73.5%)
| | |
|
Decreased
|
1259 (18.7%)
|
311 (17.6%)
|
948 (19.1%)
|
6.423
|
.040
|
|
Physical Exercise changes, n (%)
|
|
Better
|
887 (13.2%)
|
179 (10.1%)
|
708 (14.3%)
| | |
|
No change
|
2250 (33.5%)
|
571 (32.4%)
|
1679 (33.8%)
| | |
|
Worse
|
3589 (53.4%)
|
1014 (57.5%)
|
2575 (51.9%)
|
25.214
|
<.001
|
|
Dietary changes, n (%)
|
|
Better
|
986 (14.7%)
|
209 (11.8%)
|
777 (15.7%)
| | |
|
No change
|
4239 (63.0%)
|
1103 (62.5%)
|
3136 (63.2%)
| | |
|
Worse
|
1501 (22.3%)
|
452 (25.6%)
|
1049 (21.1%)
|
24.705
|
<.001
|
|
Income changes, n (%)
|
|
Normal income
|
2105 (31.3%)
|
416 (23.6%)
|
1689 (34.0%)
| | |
|
Partial income
|
2774 (41.2%)
|
703 (39.9%)
|
2071 (41.7%)
| | |
|
No income
|
1847 (27.5%)
|
645 (36.6%)
|
1202 (24.2%)
|
118.750
|
<.001
|
|
Psychological stress, (M, SD)
|
|
Low
|
2062 (30.7%)
|
584 (33.1%)
|
1478 (29.8%)
| | |
|
Relatively low
|
1655 (24.6%)
|
417 (23.6%)
|
1238 (24.9%)
| | |
|
Relatively high
|
1474 (21.9%)
|
357 (20.2%)
|
1117 (22.5%)
| | |
|
high
|
1535 (22.8%)
|
406 (23.0%)
|
1129 (22.8%)
|
8.695
|
0.034
|
|
Psychological assessment
|
|
Resilience, (M, SD)
|
|
Total score
|
70.3 ± 18.5
|
66.4 ± 19.5
|
71.7 ± 18.0
|
10.308
|
<.001
|
|
Tenacity
|
34.7 ± 10.3
|
32.7 ± 10.6
|
35.4 ± 10.1
|
9.581
|
<.001
|
|
Strength
|
24.6 ± 6.1
|
23.3 ± 6.5
|
25.0 ± 5.9
|
10.201
|
<.001
|
|
Optimism
|
11.0 ± 3.4
|
10.4 ± 3.5
|
11.2 ± 3.3
|
8.970
|
<.001
|
|
Coping style, (M, SD)
|
|
Total score
|
35.1 ± 9.2
|
34.5 ± 9.6
|
35.4 ± 9.1
|
3.339
|
.001
|
|
Positive coping
|
25.1 ± 6.7
|
24.1 ± 7.0
|
25.4 ± 6.6
|
7.017
|
<.001
|
|
Negative coping
|
10.1 ± 4.9
|
10.4 ± 4.9
|
10.0 ± 4.9
|
−3.310
|
.001
|
|
Anxiety, (M, SD)/ n (%)
|
37.4 ± 8.2
|
38.7 ± 9.3
|
36.9 ± 7.7
|
−7.583
|
<.001
|
|
None
|
6183 (92.0%)
|
1548 (87.8%)
|
4635 (93.4%)
| | |
|
Mild
|
427 (6.3%)
|
159 (9.0%)
|
268 (5.4%)
| | |
|
Moderate
|
101 (1.5%)
|
47 (2.7%)
|
54 (1.1%)
| | |
|
Severe
|
15 (0.2%)
|
10 (0.6%)
|
5 (0.1%)
|
65.486
|
<.001
|
|
Depression, (M, SD)/ n (%)
|
41.3 ± 11.7
|
43.7 ± 12.7
|
40.5 ± 11.2
|
−10.102
|
<.001
|
|
None
|
5101 (75.8%)
|
1218 (69.0%)
|
3883 (78.3%)
| | |
|
Mild
|
973 (14.5%)
|
275 (15.6%)
|
698 (14.1%)
| | |
|
Moderate
|
567 (8.4%)
|
221 (12.5%)
|
346 (7.0%)
| | |
|
Severe
|
85 (1.3%)
|
50 (2.8%)
|
35 (0.7%)
|
110.954
|
<.001
|
