Study | Study design | Country | Sample size; female: No. (%); age: mean (SD) or alternative information on age (eg, mode) | Subgroups | Survey period | Assessed Outcomes | Instruments or scales |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Population | |||||||
Ahmad et al. (2020) [43]1 | CS, OBS | Iraq (Kurdistan) | 516; 222 (43%); NA (mode: 18–35 years [65.1%]) | NA | NA | Anxiety and fear | Binary single itema |
Bacon et al. (2020) [44]1 | CS, OBS | United Kingdom | 202; 127 (62.9%), 1 diverse; 33.79 (12.48) | NA | March 18–19, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | BDI-II | ||||||
CS, OBS | Germany | 15,037; 10,633 (70.7%), NA (mode: 25–34 years [24.8%]) | NA | March 10–May 5, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7, single item 7-P LSa | |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-2 | ||||||
Psychological Distress | DT | ||||||
Buzzi et al. (2020) [47]1 | CS, OBS | Italy | 2064; NA; NA | 100% adolescents | March 2020 | Anxiety and fear | 4-P LSa |
Cao et al. (2020) [48]1 | CS, OBS | China | 7143; 4975 (69.7%); NA | NA | NA | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Chang et al. (2020) [49]1 | CS, OBS | China | 3881; 2447 (63.1%); 20.00 (NA); P25=19.00, P75=22.00] | 100% studentsb; medical students (n = 3359) | January 31, 2019–February 3, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Gao J et al. (2020) [50]1 | CS, OBS | China | 4872; 3267 (67.7%); 32.3 (10.0) | NA | January 31–February 02, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | WHO-5c | ||||||
Germani et al. (2020) [51]1 | CS, OBS | Italy | 1011; 720 (71.2%); 24.2 (3.6) | 100% age between 18 and 29 years | March 17–24, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | STAI-Y |
Stress | PSS | ||||||
Other Outcomes | SDQ | ||||||
González–Sanguino et al. (2020) [52]1 | CS, OBS | Spain | 3480; 2610 (75%); 37–92 (NA) | NA | March 21–28, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-2 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-2 | ||||||
PTSS | PCL-C-2 | ||||||
Other outcomes | FACIT-Sp12, MSPSS, SCS | ||||||
Harper et al. (2020) [53]1 | CS, OBS | UK | 324; 162 (50%); 34–32 (11.71) | NA | March 27–28, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | FCV-19S, PROMIS-SF Anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | PROMIS-SF Depression | ||||||
Other outcomes | WHOQOL-BREF | ||||||
Jahanshahi et al. (2020) [54]1 | CS, OBS | Iran | 1058; 569 (53–8%); NA (mode: 26–35 years) | NA | March 25–28, 2020 | Psychological distress | CPDI |
Lauri Korajlija et al. (2020) [55]1 | CS (repeated), OBS | Croatia | sample 1: 888; 738d (83–1%); 31.3 (10.45) sample 2: 966; 732d (75.8%); 40 (11.94) | NA | 1st period: February 24–NA 2nd period: March 19–NA | Anxiety and fear | 11-items 5-P LS (based on Swine Flu Anxiety Items, Wheaton et al. 2012)a |
Lee SA et al. (2020) [56]1 | CS, OBS | USA | 398; 191 (49%); 35.91 (11.73) | NA | March 23–24, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | 2 single items 5-P LSa |
Other outcomes | Passive suicidal ideation (single item 5-P LS)a | ||||||
Lei et al. (2020) [57]1 | CS, OBS | China | 1593; 976 (61.3%); 32.3 (9.8) | ‘affected group’: quarantined / relatives quarantined (n = 420)b | February 04–10, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | SAS |
Depressive symptoms | SDS | ||||||
Li Y et al. (2020) [58]1 | CS (part of longitudinal cohort study), OBS | China | 1442; 891d (61.8%); NA (K-6 < 5: 20.0 [1.5]; K-6 ≥ 5: 20.0 [1.6]) | medical students (n = 764), nursing students (n = 211), medical technology students (n = 467) | February 7–13, 2020 | PTSS | IES-R |
Psychological distress | K-6 | ||||||
Liu N et al. (2020) [59]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 285; 155 (54.4%); NA (47.7% < 35) | NA | January 30– February 08, 2020 | PTSS | PCL-5 |
Liu S et al. (2020) [60]1 | CS, OBS | China | primary school: 209; 116 (56%d); NA college: 198; 130 (62%); NA | primary school students, college students | February–March, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | 3 items, 4-P LSa |
Other outcomes | SSS | ||||||
Lopez et al. (2020) [61]1 | CS, OBS | Spain | 878; 544d (62%) or 636 (72%d), data in text and Table 1 inconsistent; NA (mode: 60–70 years [71%d]) | 100% community-dwelling older adults; age 60–70 (n = 626); age 71–80 (n = 252) | NA | Anxiety and fear | a |
Other outcomes | BRCS, Ryff’s PWB (subscales for personal growth and purpose in life) | ||||||
Ma et al. (2020) [62]1 | CS, OBS | China | 123; 71d (57.7%d); 37.4 (10.6) | 100% isolated peopleb | January 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 Anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | PSQI | ||||||
Other outcomes | SF-36 | ||||||
Mazza et al. (2020) [63]1 | CS, OBS | Italy | 2766; 1982 (71.7%); 32.94 (13.2) | NA | March 18–22, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 Anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
McKay et al. (2020) [64]1 | CS, OBS | China | 908; 752 (82.8%); 40.37 (9.27) | NA | February 24–March 15, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | CoVGAD-7, DASS-21 Anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Moccia et al. (2020) [65]1 | CS, OBS | Italy | 500; 298 (59.6); NA (mode: 28–37 years, n = 129) | NA | April 10–13, 2020 | Psychological distress | K-10 |
Other outcomes | TEMPS-A | ||||||
Odriozola-González et al. (2020) [66]1 | CS, OBS | Spain | 2530; 1672 (66.1%); 27.9 (12.4) | students (n = 1944); administrative staff (n = 247); faculty members and academic staff (n = 339)b | March 28–April 3, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 Anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
PTSS | IES | ||||||
Olagoke et al. (2020) [146]1 | CS, OBS | USA | 501; 277 (55.29%); 32.44 (11.94) | NA | March 25, 2020–NA | Depressive symptoms | PHQ-2 |
Other outcomes | Perceived self-efficacy (Ajzen 2002) | ||||||
Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al. (2020) [68]1 | CS, OBS | Spain | 976; 792 (81.1%); NA (mode: 18–25 years [56.5%]) | NA | March 11–15, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 Anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
Özdin et al. (2020) [69]1 | CS, OBS | Turkey | 343; 169 (49.2%); 37.2 (10.3) | NA | April 14–16, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | HAI |
Depressive symptoms | HADS | ||||||
Perez–Fuentes et al. (2020) [70]1 | CS, OBS | Spain | 1014; 681 (67.2%); 40.87 (12.42) | NA | March 18–23, 2020 | Depressive symptoms | BIP-Q5 |
Qiu et al. (2020) [41]1 | CS, OBS | China, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan | 52,730; 34,131 (64.7%) | NA | January 31–February 2, 2020 | Psychological distress | CPDI |
Ren et al. (2020) [71]1 | CS, OBS | China | 1172; NA; NA | NA | February 14–March 29, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Stress | PSS-10 | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISI | ||||||
PTSS | PCL-5 | ||||||
Other outcomes | MINI suicidality module | ||||||
Reznik et al. (2020) [72]1 | CS, OBS | Russia & Belarus | 850; 622 (73.2%); 34.8 (13.0) | NA | after March 27, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | FCV-19S |
Roy et al. (2020) [73]1,2 | CS, OBS | India | 662; 339 (51.2%); 29.09 (8.83) | NA | March 22–24, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | 18 items 5-P LSa |
Sakib et al. (2020) [74]1 | CS, OBS | Bangladesh | 8550; 3760 (44%); 26.5 (9.1) | NA | April 1–10, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | FCV-19S |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Satici et al. (2020) [75]1 | CS, OBS | Turkey | 1304; 917 (70.3%); 29.5 (10.5) | NA | NA | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 Anxiety, FCV-19S |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
Shammi et al. (2020) [76]1 | CS, OBS | Bangladesh | 1066; 405 (38.5%); 27.80 (10.05) | NA | March 28–30, 2020 | Psychological distress | COVID-19 related mental distress (5 items 5-P LS)a |
Shevlin et al. (2020) [77]1 | CS, OBS | UK | 2025; 1047 (51.9%); 45.4 (15.9) | NA | March 23–28, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7, VAS on COVID-19 anxiety |
Other outcomes | PHQ-15 | ||||||
Soraci et al. (2020) [78]1 | CS, OBS | Italy | 249; 229 (92%); 34.50 (12.21) | NA | March 18–21, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | FCV-19S, HADS |
Sutin et al. (2020) [147]1 | CS, OBS | USA | 2094; 1024 (48.9%)d; 51.03 (16.58) | overweight (n = 706); obesity (n = 587) | mid–March, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | 13 items 5-P LSa |
Tan W et al. (2020) [80]1 | CS, OBS | China | 673; 172d (25.6%d); 30.8 (7.4) | NA | February 24–252,020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 Anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISI | ||||||
PTSS | IES-R | ||||||
Tian et al. (2020) [81]1 | CS, OBS | China | 1060; 511 (48.2%); 35.01 (12.8) | HCW (n = 42), students (n = 330) | January 31–February 02, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | SCL-90 Anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | SCL-90 Depression | ||||||
Psychological distress | SCL-90 GSI | ||||||
Other outcomes | SCL-90 subscales | ||||||
Tsipropoulou et al. (2020) [82]1 | CS, OBS | Greece | 2970; 2153 (72.5%); NA (mode: 18–30 years [52%]) | NA | NA | Anxiety and fear | FCV-19S, GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Tull et al. (2020) [79]1 | CS, OBS | USA | 500; 235d (47%); 40 (11.6) | NA | March 27–April 5, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 Anxiety, SHAI |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
Voitsidis et al. (2020) [83]1 | CS, OBS | Greece | 2363; 1800 (76.2%); NA (mode: 18–30 years [55%]) | NA | April 10–13, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | a |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-2 | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | AIS | ||||||
Other outcomes | IUS-12, JGLS | ||||||
2 CS (repeated), OBS | China | 1738 not counting participants in both surveys; 333 in both 1st survey: 1210; 814d or 878d (67.3%); NA (mode: 21.4–30.8 years [53.1%]) 2nd survey: 861; 646d (75%); NA (mode: 21.4–30.8 years [46.5%]) | NA | January 31–February 2, 2020 and February 28–March 1, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 Anxiety | |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 Depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 Stress | ||||||
PTSS | IES-R | ||||||
Wang H et al. (2020) [86]1 | CS, OBS | China | 1599; 1068 (66.8%); 33.9 (12.3) | NA | February 1–4, 2020 | Psychological distress | K-6 |
Wang Y et al. (2020) [87]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 600; 333 (55.5%); 34 (12) | NA | February 6–9, 2020 | Anxiety | SAS |
Depressive symptoms | SDS | ||||||
Yang H et al. (2020) [88]1 | CS (repeated), OBS | China | during COVID-19: 3000; 1500d (50%); 34.7 (NA) | NA | end of December 2019 and mid–February, 2020 | Other outcomes | Emotional well-being (Kahneman and Deaton, 2010) |
Yuan R et al. (2020) [89]1 | CS, OBS | China | parents of children hospitalised during the epidemic (EH): 50; 31 (62%d); 36.80 (5.20) parents of children hospitalised during the non-epidemic period (NEH): 50; 26 (52%d); 37.22 (5.40) | EH (n = 50)b, NEH (n = 50)b | NA | Anxiety | HADS Anxiety, VDAS |
Depressive symptoms | HADS Depression | ||||||
Other Outcomes | SF-36 | ||||||
Zhang SX et al. (2020a) [90]1; Zhang SX et al. (2020b) [91]1 | CS, OBS | China | 369; 165 (44.7%); 36.6 (10.5) | NA | February 20–21, 2020 | Psychological Distress | K6 |
Other outcomes | SF12, SWLS | ||||||
Zhang Y et al. (2020) [92]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 263; 157 (60%); 37.7 (14.0) | NA | January 28–February 05, 2020 | PTSS | IES |
Zhou SJ et al. (2020) [93]1 | CS, OBS | China | 8079; 4326 (53.5%); NA (median: 16, minimum 12, maximum 18 years) | 100% senior high school studentsb | March 8–15, 2020 | Anxiety | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Healthcare workers | |||||||
Abdessater et al. (2020) [94]1 | CS, OBS | France | 275; 91d (33%) or 83d (30%), ambiguous data; 29.5 (0.47) | 100% urologists | March 27–30, 2020 | Stress | a |
Ahmed et al. (2020) [95]1 | CS, OBS | multinational (Pakistan > Saudi Arabia > others) | 650; 490 (75%); NA (mode: 20–30 years [54%]) | 100% dentists | March 10–17, 2020 | Anxiety | 8 binary itemsa |
Alhaj et al. (2020) [96]1 | CS, OBS | multinational (Canada, USA, others) | 52; 14 (27%); NA (mode: < 30 years [69%]) | 100% surgeons | April 14–28, 2020 | Psychological distress | Affection of mental health (binary single item)a |
Amerio et al. (2020) [97]1 | CS, OBS | Italy | 131; 63 (48.1%); 52.3 (12.2) | 100% physicians (general practitioners) | March 15–April 15, 2020 | Anxiety | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISI | ||||||
Other outcomes | SF-12 | ||||||
Badahdah et al. (2020) [98]1 | CS, OBS | Oman | 194; 116d (60%); 40.72 (8.53) | 100% physicians | early April 2020 | Anxiety | GAD-7 |
Stress | PSS-10 | ||||||
Other outcomes | WHO-5c | ||||||
Bohlken et al. (2020) [99]1 | CS, OBS | Germany | 396; NA; 165 (42%); 56.9 (7.6) | 100% physicians | April 1–6, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | Single items 5-P LSa |
Sleep disorders | Single item 5-P LSa | ||||||
Cai H et al. (2020) [100]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 534; 367 (69%); 36.4 (16.18) | physicians (n = 233), nurses (n = 248) | January–March, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | Single items 4-P LSa |
Cai W et al. (2020) [101]1 | CS, OBS | China | whole sample: 1521; 1149 (75.5%d); NA (mode: 18–30 years, [43.5%]) | physicians (n = 511), nurses (n = 546) | NA | Anxiety and fear | SCL-90 anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | SCL-90 depression | ||||||
Psychological distress | SCL-90 positive items | ||||||
Other outcomes | SCL-90 subscales, CD-RISC, SSRS | ||||||
Chew et al. (2020) [102]1 | CS, OBS | multinational (Singapore, India) | 906; 583 (64.3%); NA (median [IQR]: 29 [25–35] years) | physicians (n = 268), nurses (n = 355), allied healthcare professionals (n = 96), non-HCW (n = 187) | February 19–April 17, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 stress | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | Single item 4-P LSa | ||||||
PTSS | IES-R | ||||||
Consolo et al. (2020) [103]1 | CS, OBS | Italy | 356; 141 (39.6%); NA (mode: 35–55 years [48.6%]) | 100% dentists | April 2–21, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Gan et al. (2020) [104]1 | CS, OBS | China | 11,183; 10,811 (96.7%); NA (mode: 20–29 years) | 100% nurses | February 4–10, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | VAS on anxiety |
Stress | VAS on stress | ||||||
Huang JZ et al. (2020) [105]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 230; 187 (81.3%); NA (mode: 30–39 years [53%]) | physicians (n = 70), nurses (n = 160) | February 7–14, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | SAS |
PTSS | PTSD-SS | ||||||
Kang et al. (2020) [106]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 994; 850 (85.5%); NA (mode: 30–40 years [63.4%]) | physicians (n = 183), nurses (n = 811) | January 29–February 4, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7e |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9e | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISIe | ||||||
PTSS | IES-Re | ||||||
Khusid et al. (2020) [107]1 | CS, OBS | USA | 332; 117 (35%); 30.5 (2.6) | 100% urologists | April 7–11, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | 2 items 5-P LSa |
Depressive symptoms | 2 items 5-P LSa | ||||||
Lai et al. (2020) [18]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 1257; 964 (76.7%); NA (mode: 26–40 years [64.7%]) | physicians (n = 493), nurses (n = 764) | January 29–February 3, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISI | ||||||
PTSS | IES | ||||||
Mo et al. (2020) [108]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 180; 162 (90%); 32.71 (6.52) | NA | end of February 2020 | Anxiety and fear | SAS |
Stress | SOS | ||||||
Pu et al. (2020) [109]1 | CS, OBS | China | 867: 829 (95.6%d); 30.8 (7.1) | 100% nurses | NA | Anxiety and fear | SAS |
Other outcomes | TAF | ||||||
Rossi et al. (2020) [110]1 | CS, OBS | Italy | 1379; 1064 (77.2%); 39.0 (6.0) | physicians (n = 433), general practitioners (n = 86), nurses (n = 472) | March 27–31, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Stress | PSS | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISI | ||||||
PTSS | GPS–PTSD | ||||||
Sahu et al. (2020) [111]1 | CS, OBS | India | 611; NA; NA (mode: 30–40 years, n = 192 [31·4%]) | 100% orthopedic surgeons | March 31–April 4, 2020 | Stress | Single-itema |
Shacham et al. (2020) [112]1 | CS, OBS | Israel | 338; 198 (586%); 46.39 (11.2) | dentists (n = 198), dental hygienists (n = 140d) | March 30–April 10, 2020 | Psychological distress | K-6 |
Suleiman et al. (2020) [113]1 | CS, OBS | Jordan | 308; 113 (36.7%); 30.3 (5.8) | 100% physicians | March 23–27, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | Binary single itemsa |
Tan B et al. (2020) [114]1 | CS, OBS | Singapore | 470; 321 (68.3%); NA (median: 31, IQR: 28–36 years) | physicians (n = 135), nurses (n = 161), allied hospital personnel (n = 174) | February 19–March 13, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 stress | ||||||
PTSS | IES-R | ||||||
Wang S et al. (2020) [115]1 | CS, OBS | China | 123; 111 (90%); 33.75 (8.41) | 100% pediatricians; physicians (n = 48), nurses (n = 75) | January 30–February 07, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | SAS |
Depressive symptoms | SDS | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | PSQI | ||||||
Wu K et al. (2020) [116]1 | CS, OBS, controlled | China | experimental group: 60; 44 (73%); 33.5 (12.4) comparison group: 60; 45 (75%) 33.8 (11.9) | COVID-19 hospital (n = 60), non-designated hospital = comparison group (n = 60) | NA | Anxiety and fear | SAS, SCL-90 anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | SCL-90 depression, SDS | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | PSQI | ||||||
PTSS | PCL-C | ||||||
Psychological distress | SCL-90 total score | ||||||
Other outcomes | SCL-90 subscales | ||||||
Xiao et al. (2020a) [117]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 180; 129 (71.7%); 32.31 (4.88) | physicians (n = 82), nurses (n = 98) | January–February, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | SAS |
Sleep-related symptoms | PSQI | ||||||
Other outcomes | GSES, SASR, SSRS | ||||||
Xu J et al. (2020) [118]1 | CS, OBS, controlled | China | outbreak period: 60; 38 (63.3%); 36.68 (9.67) ‘post-epidemic’: 60; 32 (53.3%); 35.77 (7.06) | 100% surgeons | January 28–February 29, 2020 and March 2–21, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | ‘Anxiety scale’, dream anxiety score |
Depressive symptoms | ‘Depression score’ | ||||||
Other outcomes | SF-36 | ||||||
Yin et al. (2020) [119]1 | CS, OBS | China | 371; 228 (61.5%); 35.3 (9.5) physicians: NA nurses: NA | physicians (n = 67), nurses (n = 264) | February 01–05, 2020 | Sleep-related symptoms | PSQI |
PTSS | PCL-5 | ||||||
Zhang C et al. (2020) [120]1 | CS, OBS | China | 1563; 1293 (83%d); NA (mode: 26–40 years, n = 495 [31.7%d]) physicians: NA nurses: NA | physicians (n = 454), nurses (n = 984), administrative staff (n = 30), other medical staff (n = 95) | January 29–February 03, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISI | ||||||
PTSS | IES-R | ||||||
Zhang SX et al. (2020c) [121]1 | CS, OBS | Iran | 304; 178 (58.6%); 35.1 (9.1) | NA | April 5–20, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-2d |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-2d | ||||||
Psychological distress | K6 | ||||||
Other outcomes | SF-12 | ||||||
Zhu J et al. (2020) [122]1 | CS, OBS | China | 156; 137 (83%); 34.16 (8.06) physicians: 79; 51d (65%d) | physicians (n = 79), nurses (n = 86) | February 1–29, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | SAS |
Depressive symptoms | SDS | ||||||
Patients | |||||||
CS, OBS | China | 126; 66 (52.4%); 45.7 (14.0) | 100% cured COVID-19 patients | March 2–12, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | SAS | |
Depressive symptoms | SDS | ||||||
PTSS | PTSD-SS | ||||||
Durankus et al. (2020) [125]1 | CS, OBS | Turkey | 260; 260 (100%); 29.6 (3.8) | 100% pregnant women | NA | Anxiety and fear | BAI |
Depressive symptoms | EPDS, BDI | ||||||
Psychological distress | Single item 11-P LSa | ||||||
Li X et al. (2020) [126]1 | CS, OBS | China | 76; 35 (46%); 36 (15) | suspected COVID-19 patients | January 31–February 22, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | HAMA |
Depressive symptoms | HAMD | ||||||
Liu X et al. (2020a) [42]1 | CS, OBS | China | COVID-19 suspected patients: 21; 12 (57.1%); 43.1 (2.6): not COVID-19 suspected patients: 30; 15 (50%); 45.0 (9.2) | 100% schizophrenia patients; COVID-19 suspected patients (n = 21), not COVID-19 suspected patients (n = 30) | January 30–February 21, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | HAMA |
Depressive symptoms | HAMD | ||||||
Stress | PSS | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | PSQI | ||||||
Other outcomes | PANSS | ||||||
Wu Y et al. (2020) [127]1,3 | CS, OBS, controlled | China | 4124; 4124 (100%d), NA (median: 30, range = 17–32 years) | 100% pregnant women; before (group 1: n = 2839)/after (group 2: n = 1284) January 20, 2020 | January 1–February 9, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | EPDS-3A |
Depressive symptoms | EPDS | ||||||
Xu H et al. (2020) [128]1 | CS, OBS | China | 350; 199 (54.1%); NA (mode: 40–60 years [51%]) | 100% lung cancer patients | March 4–6, 2020 | Depressive symptoms | Single itema |
Sleep-related symptoms | Single itema | ||||||
Yassa et al. (2020) [129]1 | CS, OBS | Turkey | 172; 172 (100%); 27.5 (5.3) | 100% pregnant women | ten days after first confirmed COVID-19 death in Turkey | Anxiety and fear | Single ternary itema |
Mixed groups | |||||||
Büntzel et al. (2020) [130]1 | CS, OBS | Germany | 193; NA; NA (mode: > 60 years) | physicians (n = 47), cancer patients (n = 146) | April 16–19, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | Single itema |
Stress | Single itema | ||||||
Guo et al. (2020) [131]1 | CS, OBS, controlled | China | P:103; 44 (42.7%); 42.5 (12.5); control (GP): 103; 49 (47.6%); 41.5 (13.1) | COVID-19 patients (n = 103), not infected control group (n = 103) | February 10–28, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Stress | PSS-10 | ||||||
PTSS | PCL-5 | ||||||
Hao F et al. (2020) [132]1 | CS, OBS, controlled | China | P: 76; 51 (37.1%); 32.8 (11.8); control (GP): 109; 68 (62.4%); 33.1 (11.2) | psychiatric patients (n = 76), control group (n = 109) | February 19–22, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | DASS-21 anxiety |
Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 depression | ||||||
Stress | DASS-21 stress | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISI | ||||||
PTSS | IES-R | ||||||
Hao X et al. (2020) [133]1 | CS, OBS, controlled | China | P: 252; 132d (52.4%d); 29.3 (11.6); control (GP): 252; 132d (52.4%d); 29.4 (11.5) | epilepsy patients (n = 252), control group (n = 252) | February 1–29, 2020 | Psychological distress | K-6 |
Huang Y et al. (2020) [134]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 7236; 3952 (54.6%); 35.3 (5.6) | GP (n = 4986), HCW (n = 2250) | February 3–17, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | CES-D | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | PSQI | ||||||
Iasevoli et al. (2020) [135]1 | CS, OBS, controlled | Italy | 461; NA; NA P: 205; NA; NA caregivers: 51; NA; NA control (GP): 205; NA; NA | psychiatric patients (n = 205), caregivers (n = 51), non-psychiatric persons (n = 205) | April 13–17, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Stress | PSS | ||||||
Other outcomes | SPEQ | ||||||
Jin YH et al. (2020) [136]1 | CS, OBS | China | 103; 64 (62.1%); NA (median [IQR]: 35 [14.0]) | 100% infected with SARS-CoV-2; physicians, nurses | February 15–29, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | Single item multiple choicea |
Ko et al. (2020) [137]1 | CS, OBS | Taiwan | 1904; 1282 (67.3%); 38.0 (10.8) | GP (n = NA), HCW (n = NA) | April 10–20, 2020 | Other outcomes | Psychological wellbeing (single item 5-P LS)a |
Li Z et al. (2020) [138]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 740; 128 (59.8%); 25 (IQR: 22–38.3 years] | GP (n = 214), HCW (n = 526) | February 17–21, 2020 | PTSS | Vicarious Traumatization Questionnaire |
Lu W et al. (2020) [139]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 2299; 1785 (77.6%); NA (78% < 40 years) | HCW (n = 2042), GP (n = 257) | February 25.26, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | HAMA, NRS on fear |
Depressive symptoms | HAMD | ||||||
Ni et al. (2020) [140]1 | CS, OBS | China | total: 1791; NA; NA GP: 1577; 1218 d (60.8%); NA (mode: 18–34 years [38.6%]) HCW: 214; 147d (68.8%); NA (mode: 18–34 years [58.9%]) | GP (n = 1577), HCW (n = 214) | February 18.24, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-2 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-2 | ||||||
Sanchez et al. (2020) [67]1 | CS, OBS | USA | 1051; 0 (0%); 35 (15.83) | 100% men who have sex with men; HIV-patients (n = 122) | April 2–13, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | Single itema |
Other outcomes | Quality of life (single item)a | ||||||
Wu W et al. (2020) [141]1 | CS, OBS | China | 4268; 2930d (68.7%d); NA HCW: 2110; 1598d (76%d); NA Students: 2158; 1332 (62%); NA | students (n = 2158), HCW (n = 2110) | February 10–21, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | Single itema |
Sleep-related symptoms | Single itema | ||||||
Yuan S et al. (2020) [142]1,2 | L, OBS | China | 939; 582 (61.98%); NA (mode: 18–39 years [71.5%]) | HCW (n = 249), students (n = 312) | 2 survey periods in February, 2020 | Sleep-related symptoms | PSQI |
Other outcomes | SRQ | ||||||
Zhang J et al. (2020) [143]1 | CS, OBS | China | 205; 115 (56.1%d); NA (for infected: 46.9 [15.4]; for quarantined: 36.2 [10.9]; for general public: 29.6 [12.7]) | P, infected (n = 57), GP, quarantined (n = 50), GP, general public (n = 98) | February 15–29, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Zhang WR et al. (2020) [144]1,2 | CS, OBS | China | 2182; 1401 (64.2%); NA (mode: 18–60 years [96.3%]) | HCW (n = 927), GP (n = 1255) | February 19–March 6, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-2 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-2 | ||||||
Sleep-related symptoms | ISI | ||||||
Other outcomes | SCL-90-R subscales | ||||||
Zhu S et al. (2020) [145]1 | CS, OBS | China | 2279d; 1361 d; NA | HCW (n = 858), GP (n = 1421) | Feb 12–Mar 17, 2020 | Anxiety and fear | GAD-7 |
Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 | ||||||
Psychological distress | SRQ-20 |